Reference Base Notes for: Ecology - Population back to search page Sort order: ------------------- Date ASC Author normal    (2) 1 2  Linklater, W.L.; Mayer, K.; Swaisgood, R.R. 2013 Chemical signals of age, sex and identity in black rhinoceros. Animal Behaviour 85 (3): 671-677 Location: Subject: Species: Africa Ecology - Population Black Rhino No details available yet   details Patton, F.; Jones, F. 2007 Determining minimum population size and demographics of black rhinos in the salient of Aberdare National Parl, Kenya. Pachyderm 43: 63-72, figs. 1-6, tabs. 1-4 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Kenya Ecology - Population Black Rhino No details available yet   details Pham Nhat; Nguyen Xuan Dang; Polet, G. 2001 Field guide to the key mammal species of Cat Tien National Park. Hanoi, WWF Cat Tien National Park Conservation Project and Fauna and Flora International - Indochina Programme., pp. 1-145 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population Javan Rhino It can travel over long distances within a short period of time.   details Fraedrich, H. 2000 Zoo Berlin, Jahresbericht fur 1999. Bongo, Berlin 30: 135-210 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population Black Rhino Male 'Kibo' died of old age, he reached an age of 35 years.   details Mkenda, E.; Butchart, D. 2000 Notes on the status of black rhino in the Ngorongoro Crater. CCA Ecological Journal 2: 68-69 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Tanzania Ecology - Population Black Rhino Of the four male Black Rhino resident in the Crater, two are dominant bulls and occupy home ranges.   details Nyangwara, K.; Sigei, J.; Masibo, J. 2000 Notes on a solitary black rhino. CCA Ecological Journal 2: 53 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Kenya Ecology - Population Black Rhino This lone female rhino occupies an area of about 30 km?.   details Yadav, V.K. 2000 Male-male aggression in Rhinoceros unicornis - case study from North Bengal, India. Indian Forester 126 (10): 1030-1034 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South Asia - India - Assam Ecology - Population Indian Rhino Home ranges of Indian Rhinos show much overlap between different individuals of each sex (Laurie, 1978) and concept of exclusive territory is absent in this species.   details Basel Zoo; Wirz-Hlavacek, G.; Zschokke, S.; Studer, P. 1999 International studbook for the greater one-horned rhinoceros, Rhinoceros unicornis (Linne, 1758), 10th edition. Basel, Zoologischer Garten, pp. 1-50 Location: Subject: Species: Captive - North America Ecology - Population Indian Rhino Oldest in captivity was male 'Jim   details Planton, H. 1999 Rhinoceros noir du Nord Ouest de l'Afrique (Diceros bicornis longipes): le compte a rebours continue. Pachyderm 27: 86-100, figs. 1-6, photo 1-8, table 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Western Africa - Cameroon Ecology - Population Black Rhino In the present situation (very few animals, maybe 10-15 spread over a region of 25.000 km? ) it is hard to advance a number for possible rhino density. In the past it seems that there was one adult rhino per 10-20 km? according to the quality of the habitat.   details Planton, H. 1999 Rhinoceros noir du Nord Ouest de l'Afrique (Diceros bicornis longipes): le compte a rebours continue. Pachyderm 27: 86-100, figs. 1-6, photo 1-8, table 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Western Africa - Cameroon Ecology - Population Black Rhino The natural home ranges observed usually are greater than 200 km? per animal, while many home ranges can partially overlap. In the absence of disturbances, movements seem to be more important in the dry season - fresh traces followed over distances of 30-40 km per day, than in the wet season - di...   details Basel Zoo; Wirz-Hlavacek, G.; Zschokke, S.; Studer, P. 1999 International studbook for the greater one-horned rhinoceros, Rhinoceros unicornis (Linne, 1758), 10th edition. Basel, Zoologischer Garten, pp. 1-50 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population Indian Rhino Infant mortality (from birth to 6 months, including stillbirth) is high (20-27%) in both sexes. Juvenile and young adult mortality (6 mo to 12 yrs) is low, average less than 1% p.a.   details Zschokke, S.; Studer, P.; Baur, B. 1998 Past and future breeding of the Indian rhinoceros in captivity. International Zoo News 45 (5): 261-276, figs. 1-6, tables 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: Captive Ecology - Population Indian Rhino We found high juvenile mortality in both sexes, 23% for males, 30% for females. Offspring of primiparous dams suffered higher juvenile mortality (40%) than those of multiparous dams (17%). Infant survivorship (live-birth to 6 months) was 87.7 % for males and 85.7 % for females. If stillbirth...   details Adcock, K.; Hansen, H.; Lindemann, H. 1998 Lessons from the introduced black rhino population in Pilanesberg National Park. Pachyderm 26: 40-51, figs. 1-5, tables 1-4, photos 1-5 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Population Black Rhino Release in Pilanesberg NP. Range sizes seem to depend on age and sex. Range size was estimated from the area enclosing most sightings, i.e. excluding those outside the usual range of the rhino. Also hills judged to be unusable (too steep, or without the normal food plants) were excluded from h...   details Rachlow, J.L.; Berger, J. 1998 Reproduction and population density: trade-offs for the conservation of rhinos in situ. Animal Conservation 1 (2): 101-106, figs. 1-3, table 1 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population White Rhino Population growth after reintroduction. The population of white rhinos in the fenced WGP has undergone two periods of growth during which translocations did not occur: 1967-1974 (early period) and 1987-1994 (late period). Rates of annual increase calculated for the early and late periods were 1...   details Grummt, W. 1998 Begegnungen mit Sumatranashornern, Dicerorhinus sumatrensis (Fischer, 1814). Milu, Berlin 9: 354-362, figs. 1-9 Location: Subject: Species: Captive - Europe Ecology - Population Sumatran Rhino 32 yrs 8 months, female in London Zoo from 1872   details Adcock, K.; Hansen, H.; Lindemann, H. 1998 Lessons from the introduced black rhino population in Pilanesberg National Park. Pachyderm 26: 40-51, figs. 1-5, tables 1-4, photos 1-5 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Population Black Rhino - release in Pilanesberg NP. The experience from Pilanesberg suggests that there is a limit to the number of males an area can carry.   details Adcock, K.; Hansen, H.; Lindemann, H. 1998 Lessons from the introduced black rhino population in Pilanesberg National Park. Pachyderm 26: 40-51, figs. 1-5, tables 1-4, photos 1-5 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Population Black Rhino Average population growth has averaged 5.77 % per year. Growth rate elsewhere in South Africa range from -8.9 to +11.3 %.   details Barua, M. 1998 Pobitora Wild Life sanctuary. Zoos Print 13 (4): 9-11 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population Indian Rhino In Pabitora Wildlife Sanctuary, area 1584 ha, total no. in 1997 76 rhino. Population density in the sanctuary worked out to be one rhino for every 29.34 ha in 1987, 28.30 ha in 1993, 23.30 ha in 1995 and 20.85 ha in 1997.   details Zschokke, S.; Studer, P.; Baur, B. 1998 Past and future breeding of the Indian rhinoceros in captivity. International Zoo News 45 (5): 261-276, figs. 1-6, tables 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population Indian Rhino maximum age in captivity 42 years   details Blaszkiewitz, B. 1998 Zum Lebensalter Berliner Panzernashoerner. Bongo, Berlin 28: 99-100 Location: Subject: Species: Captive - Europe Ecology - Population Indian Rhino Ages of rhinos in Berlin 1/1, arr. 1872, died 1909, both lived 37 years in the zoo male, arr. 1959, died 1983 in Basel, about 27 years old female, born 1964 in Basel, died 1993, after 29 years 8 ? months male, born 1964 in Hamburg, died 1993, after 29 years 4 months male, born 1971 in Tierpa...   details Adcock, K.; Hansen, H.; Lindemann, H. 1998 Lessons from the introduced black rhino population in Pilanesberg National Park. Pachyderm 26: 40-51, figs. 1-5, tables 1-4, photos 1-5 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Population Black Rhino Reported rhino densities in South Africa Black rhino per km? 0.218 No.of rhino 120 0.109-0.145 60-80 0.145-0.1818 80-100 0.105 50-100 0.96 50 In Pilanesber...   details Rachlow, J.L.; Berger, J. 1998 Reproduction and population density: trade-offs for the conservation of rhinos in situ. Animal Conservation 1 (2): 101-106, figs. 1-3, table 1 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population White Rhino Population growth after reintroduction. The population of white rhinos in the fenced WGP has undergone two periods of growth during which translocations did not occur: 1967-1974 (early period) and 1987-1994 (late period). Rates of annual increase calculated for the early and late periods were 1...   details Brett, R.A. 1998 Mortality factors and breeding performance of translocated black rhinos in Kenya: 1984-1995. Pachyderm 26: 69-82, figs. 1-8, tables 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Kenya Ecology - Population Black Rhino Translocated rhinos, Kenya 1984-1995. Overall there was no bias in the sex ratio of calves born to translocated rhinos (22 males, 21 females, 1 unsexed). However, sex ratios of calves born in particular sanctuaries did show a marked, but not consistent bias. For example, male calves exceeded f...   details Zschokke, S.; Studer, P.; Baur, B. 1998 Past and future breeding of the Indian rhinoceros in captivity. International Zoo News 45 (5): 261-276, figs. 1-6, tables 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: Captive Ecology - Population Indian Rhino Zoo population end 1996. In zoo-born R. unicornis, the sex ratio is male-biased from birth to the age of five years. At sexual maturity, there is still a tendency towards a male-biased sex ratio, whereas in 20-year-old individuals, males and females occur in more similar proportions. In contra...   details Adcock, K.; Hansen, H.; Lindemann, H. 1998 Lessons from the introduced black rhino population in Pilanesberg National Park. Pachyderm 26: 40-51, figs. 1-5, tables 1-4, photos 1-5 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Population Black Rhino Release in Pilanesberg NP - Diceros bicornis. During the early introductions, the abundant space available to the rhino meant that when conflicts arose, there was room to escape. This probably played a role in the success of these early staggered reintroudctions. Subsequent changes in rhino ra...   details Adcock, K.; Hansen, H.; Lindemann, H. 1998 Lessons from the introduced black rhino population in Pilanesberg National Park. Pachyderm 26: 40-51, figs. 1-5, tables 1-4, photos 1-5 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Population Black Rhino Release in Pilanesberg NP - Diceros bicornis. The experience from Pilanesberg suggests that there is a limit to the number of males an area can carry. Excess males should ideally be removed to pormote population performance in a restricted area. However, these surplus males cannot always be pl...   details Adcock, K.; Hansen, H.; Lindemann, H. 1998 Lessons from the introduced black rhino population in Pilanesberg National Park. Pachyderm 26: 40-51, figs. 1-5, tables 1-4, photos 1-5 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Population White Rhino Pilanesberg NP. Annual monitoring demonstrated that black rhino are not fully grown (adult) until at least their 7th to 8th year. The Basal diameter of the rear horn (reflecting skull dimensions) stabilises after this age.   details Kitchener, A.C. 1997 Ageing the Sumatran Rhinoceros: preliminary results. International Zoo News 44 (1): 24-34, pls. 1-2, figs. 1-3, tables 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: Captive - Europe Ecology - Population Sumatran Rhino London Zoo, 35 years. The oldest animal is the type specimen of the hairy-eared rhinoceros (D. s. lasiotis), captured in 1868, who lived in captivity (mostly at London Zoo) for 32 years 8 months. She arrived at London Zoo in 1872 when she was estimated to be at least six years old, so that she ...   details Kitchener, A.C. 1997 Ageing the Sumatran Rhinoceros: preliminary results. International Zoo News 44 (1): 24-34, pls. 1-2, figs. 1-3, tables 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: Captive - Europe Ecology - Population Sumatran Rhino Port Lympne Zoo, 28 - 37 years. Based on estimates of tooth-wear rate and similarity in crown heights, the age of the Port Lympne female would vary between 28 and 47 years, but most probably about 28-37 years.   details Kitchener, A.C. 1997 Ageing the Sumatran Rhinoceros: preliminary results. International Zoo News 44 (1): 24-34, pls. 1-2, figs. 1-3, tables 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population Sumatran Rhino Examined 6 female skulls in Natural History Museum London and National Museums of Scotland in Edinburgh, trying to find a method to age adult skulls. A number of skull features were noted, which seemed to be correlated with increasing age and wear of the (pre)molars in the maxillae and mandibles...   details Basel Zoo; Wirz-Hlavacek, G.; Zschokke, S.; Studer, P. 1997 International studbook for the greater one-horned rhinoceros, Rhinoceros unicornis (Linne, 1758), 9th edition. Basel, Zoologischer Garten, pp. 1-44 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population Indian Rhino In captivity 40 years, oldest ca. 44 years.   details Clarbrough, M.L. 1996 Ujung Kulon National Park: handbook. Ministry of Forests, Indonesia, pp. 1-74 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population Javan Rhino Range over a distance of 15-20 km a day. They are most mobile at night.   details Morgan-Davies, M. 1996 Status of the black rhinoceros in the Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya. Pachyderm 21: 38-45, figs. 1-5, table 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Kenya Ecology - Population Black Rhino Figure 4 illustrates the number of calves born between 1985 -1994 and shows that the mean number of calves born per annum over the past ten years is 2.4. Assuming that the population remains stable and that in average of 2.4 calves continue to be born each year it should be possible for the popul...   details Edwards, J. 1996 London Zoo from old photographs 1852-1914. London, Edwards, pp. 1-244 Location: Subject: Species: Captive - North America Ecology - Population Indian Rhino 40 years 114 days, Philadelphia, male Billy #10   details Endo, H.; Yamada, T.K.; Nakamuta, N.; Tanemura, K.; Kurohmaru, M.; Hayashi, Y. 1996 Testicular morphology of a Greater Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis). Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 58 (10): 937-940, figs. 1-7 Location: Subject: Species: Captive - Asia Ecology - Population Indian Rhino We used the left testis of a greater Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) which died of pneumonia in 16th July 1995 at Tama Zoological Park (Tokyo, Japan). The animal, weighing approximately 2,000 kg, was estimated to be about 42 years old.   details Morgan-Davies, M. 1996 Status of the black rhinoceros in the Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya. Pachyderm 21: 38-45, figs. 1-5, table 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Kenya Ecology - Population Black Rhino Mukinya ( 1973) records that the total area of the Reserve occupied by rhinos in 1972 was 749 km?, thereby giving a density of 0.14 rhino per km?. At present the total area occupied by rhinos is only 399 km?, with a density of 0.10 rhino per km? However, taking into account the 60 km? overlap...   details Morgan-Davies, M. 1996 Status of the black rhinoceros in the Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya. Pachyderm 21: 38-45, figs. 1-5, table 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Kenya Ecology - Population Black Rhino At the present time, the Reserve holds a modest and healthy population of rhinos, as shown in Figure 3, despite their near elimination in the Masai Mara between the 1960s and 1980s. The adult male: female ratio of 1:1.2 compares favourably with Mukinya's (1973) figure of 1:0.9, though the presen...   details Morgan-Davies, M. 1996 Status of the black rhinoceros in the Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya. Pachyderm 21: 38-45, figs. 1-5, table 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Kenya Ecology - Population Black Rhino Individual home range sizes were assessed by computing the area of a polygon by connecting the recorded peripheral points of each home range. Distribution areas were determined from groups of rhinos whose home ranges overlapped to a considerable extent. The measured home ranges, distribution ar...   details Shrader, A.M. 1996 Monitoring the movements of Umfolozi's white rhinos. REF News no. 16: 3, figs. 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Population White Rhino White rhinos can have a massive impact on their environment through overgrazing. It is thus imperative that the rhino population be kept at a level where they will not have a detrimental impact on the reserve. In 1986 the Natal Parks Board implemented a management policy to deal with the rapidl...   details Bhima, R.; Dudley, C.O. 1996 Observations on two introduced black rhinos in Liwonde National Park, Malawi. Pachyderm 21: 46-54, figs. 1-3, tables 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Malawi Ecology - Population Black Rhino Reintroduced Diceros bicornis in Malawi The initial movements of the rhinos after their release from the bomas seemed to be exploratory. They may have been looking for the most suitable habitat. Their average range of approximately 4 km? is similar to that of rhinos in Hluhluwe (1.7-4.2 km?) and...   details Edwards, J. 1996 London Zoo from old photographs 1852-1914. London, Edwards, pp. 1-244 Location: Subject: Species: Captive - Europe Ecology - Population Indian Rhino 40 years 134 days, London, male Jim   details Molur, S.; Sukumar, R.; Seal, U.S.; Walker, S. 1995 Report: Population and Habitat Viability Assessment (PHVA) Workshop, Great Indian one-horned rhinoceros, Jaldapara, 1993. Coimbatore, CBSG India Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population Indian Rhino Working Group of P. Lahan, D.K. Ghosh, K.S. Varmah, B.S. Bonal, S.S. Bist. POPULATION Statistics in natural Areas Reserve,Area (km2),Population Size,Growth rate/year,Mortality/year,Poaching/year,Density/sq.km Kaziranga,430,1164,3.45,7.47,3.8,2.71 Manas,500,60,0.3,10,6.6,0.12 Orang,74,97,1,6...   details Bist, S.S. 1995 Population history of Great Indian rhinoceros in North Bengal and major factors influencing the same: pp. 75-84, maps 1-2, tables 1-28 In: Molur, S. et al. Report: Population and Habitat Viability Assessment (PHVA) Workshop, Great Indian one-horned rhinoceros, Jaldapara, 1993. Coimbatore, CBSG India Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South Asia - India - West Bengal Ecology - Population Indian Rhino Calf Shoulderheight below 120 cm, practically no horn, moves with mother. Juvenile Height 120-136 cm, has horn, moves without mother Sub-Adult Height 135-160 cm, has horn, moves without mother End   details Molur, S.; Sukumar, R.; Seal, U.S.; Walker, S. 1995 Report: Population and Habitat Viability Assessment (PHVA) Workshop, Great Indian one-horned rhinoceros, Jaldapara, 1993. Coimbatore, CBSG India Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population Indian Rhino Working Group of P. Lahan, D.K. Ghosh, K.S. Varmah, B.S. Bonal, S.S. Bist Male/Female in natural populations: Female/calf ratio Kaziranga 1 : 1 2.2 : 1 Manas 1 ; 1 7 : 1 Orang 1.4 : 1 5.1 : 1 Jal...   details Menon, V. 1995 Under siege: poaching and protection of greater one-horned rhinoceroses in India. Delhi, Traffic India, pp. i-iv, 1-114 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South Asia - India Ecology - Population Indian Rhino Population structure in Jaldapara, West Bengal, India Adult Younger animals Total 1975 7/7/4 5 23 1978 5/7/4 3 19 1980 5/7/6 4 22 1988 9/11 4 24 1989 9/13 ...   details Loutit, B.D. 1995 Rhino protection in communal areas, Namibia. Pachyderm 20: 31-32, fig. 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Namibia Ecology - Population Black Rhino However, those that do stray into the eastern, more populated areas, which have higher rainfall and more vegetation, are young, sub-adults looking for new home ranges in which to settle. These animals are known to be inquisitive and they even walk into human settlements where they are sometimes ...   details Pienaar, D.J. 1994 Social organization and behaviour of the white rhinoceros: pp. 87-92, tables 1-2 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Population White Rhino The composition of the white rhino population in the south-western KNP was determined by ground surveys during 1988 and 1989. This population contained 16,8% adult males, 27,3% adult females, 32,4% subadults and 23,5% calves (N =469). This was very similar to the composition Owen-Smith describe...   details Pienaar, D.J. 1994 Social organization and behaviour of the white rhinoceros: pp. 87-92, tables 1-2 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Population White Rhino In the southern KNP 1415 white rhinos were counted in 1993 for a mean density of 0.4 per km? . In the high-density study areas white rhino densities were about 1,4 per km? (1900 kg/ km?). In the Umfolozi Game Reserve mean white rhino density was 3.2 per km? (4300 kg/ km?) with local densities...   details Pienaar, D.J. 1994 Social organization and behaviour of the white rhinoceros: pp. 87-92, tables 1-2 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population White Rhino Owen-Smith also gave the following annual mortality figures for white rhino: Adult males 3%; adult females 1,2%; subadults 3%, juvenile calves (0.5-2.5 years) 3.5% and infant calves (0-0,5 years) 8,3%. Predation does not have a big influence on a white rhino population. There have been a few ca...   details Rabinowitz, A. 1994 On the horns of a dilemma. Wildlife Conservation 97 (5): 32-39, figs. 1-6 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South East Asia - Malaysia - Sarawak Ecology - Population Sumatran Rhino If rhinos range widely, as is currently believed, it is probably due more to hunting pressures than to ecological needs.   details Walker, C.H. 1994 Black rhino on private land - the experience of Lapalala Wilderness, South Africa. Pachyderm 18: 44-45 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Population Black Rhino The two bulls introduced in 1990 routinely overlap m their movements. However, the two most recently introduced bulls occupy separate zones with the inner bull mainly standing in the eastern area and the young bull in the western sector. The dominant bull of the 1990 introduction does not toler...   details Swart, M.K.J.; Ferguson, J.W.H. 1994 How vulnerable is the black rhino? A genetic and demographic analysis: p. 55 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population Black Rhino Analysis of demographic factors indicate that wild black rhinoceros populations remain stable (i.e. sex ratio and age structure do not change dramatically) even if they experience ecological threats such as competition, predation, droughts and fire. Poaching has a negative effect on the sex rati...   details Dunham, K.M. 1994 The effect of drought on the large mammal populations of the Zambezi riverine woodlands. Journal of Zoology, London 234: 489-526, figs. 1-16, tables 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Zimbabwe Ecology - Population Black Rhino The density on the floodplain during October averaged 0.05 (0.013) per km? in 1981-1985. This was equivalent to 2.43 (0.27) rhino seen per 100 km driven. Between Oct 1985 and Oct 1986, the mean number seen decreased to 0.14 (0.28) per 100 km. Only 7 rhino were observed along the ecotone: six b...   details Pienaar, D.J. 1994 Social organization and behaviour of the white rhinoceros: pp. 87-92, tables 1-2 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population White Rhino The annual natality for adult cows (7-45 years) was 40%.   details Pienaar, D.J. 1994 Social organization and behaviour of the white rhinoceros: pp. 87-92, tables 1-2 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Population White Rhino In the southern KNP 1415 white rhinos were counted in 1993 for a mean density of 0.4 per km? . In the high-density study areas white rhino densities were about 1,4 per km? (1900 kg/ km?). In the Umfolozi Game Reserve mean white rhino density was 3.2 per km? (4300 kg/ km?) with local densities...   details Adcock, K.; Emslie, R.H. 1994 The role of trophy hunting in white rhino conservation, with special reference to BOP parks: pp. 35-41, fig. 1, tables 1-4 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Population White Rhino The history of Bop Parks' white rhino demonstrate this point. Bop Parks' reserves and National Park were set up with the raison d'etre of promoting conservation and sustainable use of resources to the benefit the country's people: Figure 1 shows how managing white rhino at ca 30% below their est...   details Pienaar, D.J. 1994 Social organization and behaviour of the white rhinoceros: pp. 87-92, tables 1-2 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Population White Rhino Territorial white rhino bulls occupied non-overlapping home ranges and left these territories only to proceed to and from water. In some instances one or two adult bulls shared the home range of a territorial bull but behaved in a subordinate manner. Territorial bulls ejected their urine in pow...   details Adcock, K. 1994 The relevance of 'territorial' behaviour in black rhino to their population management: pp. 82-86, fig. 1, table 1 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Population Black Rhino The overall size and shape of rhino ranges is determined by the quality, quantity and distribution of food and water resources; and to a lesser extent the ranges of potential mates and competing animals. The ranges of dominant bulls therefore resembles jig-saw pieces over the resources of the re...   details Jones, M.L. 1993 Longevity of ungulates in captivity. International Zoo Yearbook 32: 159-162 Location: Subject: Species: Captive Ecology - Population Black Rhino Diceros bicornis, maximum 34 yrs, died 1948 Diceros bicornis michaeli, maximum 45 yrs 10 days, died 1980 Diceros bicornis brucii, maximum 9 yrs 10 days, died 1917   details Wucher, M. 1993 Dental record system for rhinos. African Wildlife 47 (4): 183 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Namibia Ecology - Population Black Rhino During the capture of 6 black rhino, Dr Wucher used a self-designed 'gag' to open the mouth of each immiblized animal and enable him to place a special tray in the rhino's mouth to obtain an impression of the teeth. After about 2 minutes the tray was removed and the impression cast in plaster. ...   details Jones, M.L. 1993 Longevity of ungulates in captivity. International Zoo Yearbook 32: 159-162 Location: Subject: Species: Captive Ecology - Population Indian Rhino Rhinoceros unicornis, maximum 40 yrs 4 months, died 1904   details Jones, M.L. 1993 Longevity of ungulates in captivity. International Zoo Yearbook 32: 159-162 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population Javan Rhino Rhinoceros sondaicus, maximum 21 yrs, died 1907   details Jones, M.L. 1993 Longevity of ungulates in captivity. International Zoo Yearbook 32: 159-162 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population White Rhino Ceratotherium simum simum, maximum 40 yrs 8 months, alive 1987. Ceratotherium simum cottoni, maximum 35 yrs 4 mo, alive 1985.   details Jones, M.L. 1993 Longevity of ungulates in captivity. International Zoo Yearbook 32: 159-162 Location: Subject: Species: Captive Ecology - Population Sumatran Rhino Dicerorhinus sumatrensis, maximum 32 yrs 8 mo, died 1900.   details Viljoen, P. 1992 Aerial census to gauge population trends. Custos 21 (4): 42-46, figs. 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Population White Rhino Survey May to October 1991 Kruger NP. White rhino now number 1564. Population increases were recorded in the southern and central districts where 84% and 12.6% respectively of the white rhino population occur. The average white rhino population growth since 1980 is 8.9 %.   details Sillero-Zubiri, C.; Gottelli, P. 1991 Threats to Aberdare rhinos: predation versus poaching. Pachyderm 14: 37-38 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Kenya Ecology - Population Black Rhino Calf mortality. Attacks by hyenas on rhino calves in the Salient have been observed at the lodges' salt-licks for many years, although no successful attack has ever been reported. The high percentage of calves showing scars presumably inflicted by hyenas point to predation as a potential factor...   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population Black Rhino In the first two years of their lives mortality is high. Goddard (1966) estimated that there was about a 16% loss, caused by predation by lions and spotted hyaenas or lowered resistance to disease caused by lack of food or water.   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Population White Rhino Cows on the other hand have home ranges that overlap with those of other cows and may overlap the territories of as many as seven territorial bulls (Owen-Smith, 1973). In areas with good grazing and water the home range of individual cows may be as small as 6-8 km? . With deteriorating food sup...   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population Black Rhino Black rhinoceros are not strictly territorial in the sense of defending delimited areas against others of their species, but each adult does tend to remain within a specific home range which may overlap with the home ranges of other members of the population. The size of a bull rhinoceros' home ...   details Kiwia, H.D. 1989 Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis (L.)): population size and structure in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 27: 1-6, fig.1, tables 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Tanzania Ecology - Population Black Rhino The birth rate of the present population was 13.6%, compared to one of 24.1 % reported for the period 1964-1966 by Goddard (1967a). However, during my second visit to the area, a year later (December 1983), five more calves had been born, thus raising the birth rate to 24.2%, a value very close ...   details Kiwia, H.D. 1989 Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis (L.)): population size and structure in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 27: 1-6, fig.1, tables 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Tanzania Ecology - Population Black Rhino A total of twenty-five rhinos were counted in the area during the study (Table 1). Of the twenty-five rhinos, fifteen were permanent residents of the Crater floor and the remaining ten were temporary visitors. The sex ratio (male:female) for rhinos of all age classes combined was 1: 1.2 and for...   details Kiwia, H.D. 1989 Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis (L.)): population size and structure in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 27: 1-6, fig.1, tables 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Tanzania Ecology - Population Black Rhino The birth rate of the present population was 13.6%, compared to one of 24.1 % reported for the period 1964-1966 by Goddard (1967a). However, during my second visit to the area, a year later (December 1983), five more calves had been born, thus raising the birth rate to 24.2%, a value very close ...   details Kiwia, H.D. 1989 Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis (L.)): population size and structure in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 27: 1-6, fig.1, tables 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Tanzania Ecology - Population Black Rhino Table 2. Sex and age ratios of Black Rhinoceros inTanzania and Kenya (all individuals known by. observer) SampleSex ratio Age ratio Source of Location size Male:Female Cow:Calf information Ngorengoro Crater 24 1:1.2 100:45 This study 105 ...   details Kiwia, H.D. 1989 Ranging patterns of the black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis (L.)) in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 27: 305-312, figs. 1-3, tables 1-3 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Tanzania Ecology - Population Black Rhino Data for range size determination were collected concurrently with those for other studies (Kiwia, 1983) and not systematically. Location points for nine resident rhinos of different sex and age classes were plotted on 1:50,000 maps with grids of 1 x 1 cm, each equivalent to an area of 0.25 km 2...   details Kiwia, H.D. 1989 Ranging patterns of the black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis (L.)) in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 27: 305-312, figs. 1-3, tables 1-3 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Kenya Ecology - Population Black Rhino Habitat quality The distribution of food, water and shelter also determines range sizes. At the Lerai-Gorigor area where the three resources are close together, the resident rhinos have much smaller ranges compared to the Seneto Plain rhinos, where resources are more widely spaced. This was al...   details Chakraborty, A.; Bhattacharya, M.; Baishya, G. 1989 A note on the liver of Indian one horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis). Indian Veterinary Journal 66 (November): 1071-1072, figs. 1-4 Location: Subject: Species: Captive - Asia Ecology - Population Indian Rhino 47 years, Gauhati Zoo, liver studied   details Trense, W. 1989 The big game of the world. Hamburg and Berlin, Paul Parey, pp. 1-413 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population Indian Rhino 45 years maximum   details Kiwia, H.D. 1989 Ranging patterns of the black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis (L.)) in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 27: 305-312, figs. 1-3, tables 1-3 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Tanzania Ecology - Population Black Rhino The density of the resident rhinos on the Crater floor in 1982 was 0.06 km - 2 a decline of 80.6% since 1966. Table 3 shows that adult rhinos in this study occupy larger ranges than in the previous study, suggesting that adults have increased their range sizes with the decrease in their density....   details Kiwia, H.D. 1989 Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis (L.)): population size and structure in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 27: 1-6, fig.1, tables 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Tanzania Ecology - Population Black Rhino Table 1. Past and present population size and structure of Black Rhinoceros in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania (n=number of rhinos; * residents; ^ temporary visitors) 1964-1966 1981-1982 (Goddard, 1967) (Author) Age/Sex % of ...   details Kiwia, H.D. 1989 Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis (L.)): population size and structure in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 27: 1-6, fig.1, tables 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Tanzania Ecology - Population Black Rhino The birth rate of the present population was 13.6%, compared to one of 24.1 % reported for the period 1964-1966 by Goddard (1967a). However, during my second visit to the area, a year later (December 1983), five more calves had been born, thus raising the birth rate to 24.2%, a value very close ...   details Seal, U.S. 1989 Fear for rhinos. IUCN Bulletin 20 (7/9): 7 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population Javan Rhino probably lives 25 years   details Brett, R.A.; Hodges, J.K.; Wanjohi, E. 1989 Assessment of reproductive status of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) in the wild. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London 61: 147-161, 3 figures, 3 tables Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Kenya Ecology - Population Black Rhino The home range sizes of six adult male black rhinoceroses are shown in Table 1, set against the width of their hind footprint, which is used as an. index of body size. There is a clear positive association between these two variables, indicating that the home range sizes of males increase as the...   details Trense, W. 1989 The big game of the world. Hamburg and Berlin, Paul Parey, pp. 1-413 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population Javan Rhino 40 years   details Trense, W. 1989 The big game of the world. Hamburg and Berlin, Paul Parey, pp. 1-413 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population White Rhino 45 years maximum age   details Trense, W. 1989 The big game of the world. Hamburg and Berlin, Paul Parey, pp. 1-413 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population Sumatran Rhino Maximum 32 years.   details Trense, W. 1989 The big game of the world. Hamburg and Berlin, Paul Parey, pp. 1-413 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population Black Rhino 40 years maximum   details Hall-Martin, A.; Walker, C.H.; Bothma, J. du P. 1988 Kaokoveld: the last wilderness. Johannesburg, Southern Book Publishers, pp. i-xii, 1-145 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Population Black Rhino From these records they have compiled a reasonable understanding of the home ranges of the rhino. These are, as could he expected much larger (up to 750 km?) than those of rhino in high-rainfall areas like Zululand or Kruger National Park (100 km? ). By keeping records of the animals and regula...   details Sadjudin, H.R. 1987 The Javan rhino (Rhinoceros sondaicus Desm.) census in Ujung Kulon National Park. Rimba Indonesia 21 (1): 16-26, figs. 1-2, tables 1-3 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South East Asia - Indonesia - Java Ecology - Population Javan Rhino Reproductive growth rate 1980-83 was about 3-4 %.   details Sadjudin, H.R. 1987 The Javan rhino (Rhinoceros sondaicus Desm.) census in Ujung Kulon National Park. Rimba Indonesia 21 (1): 16-26, figs. 1-2, tables 1-3 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South East Asia - Indonesia - Java Ecology - Population Javan Rhino Age classes. Classes I II III IV V Forefoot size (cm) 20 20-23 24-25 26-28 29-30 Age (yrs) ? ? - 1 1-2 F adult M adult M subadult F largest No. in 1984 census 0 3 20 ...   details Cranbrook, Earl of 1987 Riches of the wild: land mammals of South-East Asia. Singapore, Oxford, New York, Oxford University Press, pp. i-vii, 1-95 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population Sumatran Rhino They are normally sedentary but not territorial, in so far as the home ranges of individuals may overlap.   details Atmawidjaja, R. 1987 Country report - Indonesia: Rhino management in Indonesia. Rimba Indonesia 21 (1): 70-74 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South East Asia - Indonesia Ecology - Population Sumatran Rhino It lives solitary or occurs in small groups of two, that is female and young.   details Cranbrook, Earl of 1987 Riches of the wild: land mammals of South-East Asia. Singapore, Oxford, New York, Oxford University Press, pp. i-vii, 1-95 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population Sumatran Rhino Densities in primary forest tracts as Endau-Rompin vary from one Sumatran rhino per 40 km? to one per 120 km?   details Happold, D.C.D. 1987 The mammals of Nigeria. Oxford, Clarendon Press, pp. i-xvii, 1-402 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population Black Rhino Home ranges are relatively small. In East Africa, 15-36 km? has been recorded, although they may walk up to 24 km to a waterhole or river to drink. Home ranges overlap, so that each solitary individual meets other familiar rhinos quite frequently. When an unknown rhino enters the home range of...   details Hall-Martin, A. 1986 Recruitment in a small black rhino population. Pachyderm 7: 6-8, figs. 1-3, tables 1-3 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Population Black Rhino Increase in introduced population, Addo NP. For the purpose of this calculation the performance of the population at Addo from 1977 to 1986 was assessed. The hybrid animals (removed in 1 983) were considered to be partof the population in the model, but the Natal bulls not. The population growt...   details Nardelli, F. 1985 The Sumatran Rhinoceros Project. Help Newsletter, Port Lympne 7: 4-8, figs. 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: World Ecology - Population Sumatran Rhino A good food supply may keep them in a feeding patch of about ten square kilometers for several weeks   details Anonymous 1985 Dode neushoorn. Dieren 2 (2): 34 Location: Subject: Species: Captive - Europe Ecology - Population Indian Rhino 35 years, Amsterdam, respiratory trouble.   details Dunham, K. 1985 Ages of black rhinos killed by drought and poaching in Zimbabwe. Pachyderm 5: 12-13, figs. 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Zimbabwe Ecology - Population Black Rhino In the 1982/83 wet season, rainfall in the Zambezi Valley in northern Zimbabwe was only 430 mm (compared with the 17 year mean of 783 mm). During the following dry season, at least 23 black rhinos, 104 elephants, 120 impala and 100+ buffalo died in the northern section of Mana Pools National Par...   details Brooks, M. 1984 Notes In: Mundy, P.J. Rhinoceros in South and South West Africa. Proceedings of a Workshop held at Pilanesberg Game Reserve, Bophuthatswana, 15 and 16 February 1984. Johannesburg, Endangered Wildlife Trust: pp. 1-25 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Population White Rhino The sex ratio was about 1:1 in 1970, but in later years the ratio has skewed markedly towards males, and even up to 150:100 in the mid-1970's in Hluhluwe-Umfolozi. This change is apparently due to confinement of the population by fencing which limits the dispersion of males and also to a sex rat...   details Hall-Martin, A. 1984 Kenya's black rhino in Addo, S Africa. Newsletter of the African Elephant and Rhino Group 3: 11, fig. 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Population White Rhino A 'pool' of known-aged animals in the Pretoriuskop area has been watched by T. Mostert, and these observations have provided very useful data. For example, of 27 births the sex ratio was skewed to two males to one female.   details Jachman, H. 1984 Status of the Mwabvi rhino (Diceros bicornis). Nyala 10 (2): 77-90, figs. 1-8, table 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Malawi Ecology - Population Black Rhino The 6 or 7 rhino occupy an area of 52 km? , giving a density of 0.12 to 0.14/ km? . This compares with 0.32/ km? in Ngorongoro, 0.16/ km? in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania (Goddard, 1967), 0.32/ km? in Tsavo National Park, Kenya (Goddard, 1969), 0.41/ km? in Luangwa valley, Zambia (Caughley, 1973), ...   details back to search page Sort order: ------------------- Date ASC Author normal    (2) 1 2