Reference Base Notes for: Behaviour back to search page Sort order: ------------------- Date ASC Author normal    (9) 1 2 3 4 5 ...   Hellmuth, H. 1995 Behavioral training of 1.1 Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). Regional Conference Proceedings of the AZA 1995: 424-429, 2 tables Location: Subject: Species: America - North America Behaviour Black Rhino No details available yet   details Cody, R. 1995 Conditioning White rhinos. The Shape of Enrichment 4 (3) August: 11-12, 2 figures Location: Subject: Species: America - North America Behaviour White Rhino No details available yet   details Pienaar, D.J. 1994 Social organization and behaviour of the white rhinoceros: pp. 87-92, tables 1-2 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Daily Routine White Rhino Territorial bulls ejected their urine in powerful sprays, while subordinate bulls and cows urinated in a conventional stream.   details Adcock, K. 1994 The relevance of 'territorial' behaviour in black rhino to their population management: pp. 82-86, fig. 1, table 1 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Fighting Black Rhino Males. When a young bull does try to establish himself in a territory, he either has to do so in an unoccupied area, or fight another bull to win some turf. In Pilanesberg, such 'upstarts' have little hope of winning a territory off a prime-aged bull (ca 1 7-30 years old), but can drive out or ...   details Morkel, P. 1994 Chemical immobilization of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis): pp. 128-135 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Towards Man Black Rhino They are usually solitary and generally hostile when disturbed.   details Morkel, P. 1994 Chemical immobilization of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis): pp. 128-135 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino They are usually solitary and generally hostile when disturbed.   details Pienaar, D.J. 1994 Social organization and behaviour of the white rhinoceros: pp. 87-92, tables 1-2 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Owen-Smith distinguished five social categories differing in their patterns of interaction, spatial dispersion and roles in reproduction: i. juveniles; ii. subadults; iii. cows; iv. territorial adult males; v. subordinate adult males. White rhino cows were usually accompanied only by a single ca...   details Pienaar, D.J. 1994 Social organization and behaviour of the white rhinoceros: pp. 87-92, tables 1-2 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Owen-Smith distinguished five social categories differing in their patterns of interaction, spatial dispersion and roles in reproduction: i. juveniles; ii. subadults; iii. cows; iv. territorial adult males; v. subordinate adult males.   details Pienaar, D.J. 1994 Social organization and behaviour of the white rhinoceros: pp. 87-92, tables 1-2 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Dominant white rhino bulls investigated cows encountered within their territories, while cows responded with threatening snorts or roars. The onset of oestrus was indicated by the commencement of repeated approaches by the bull, accompanied by a hic-throbbing sound.   details Pienaar, D.J. 1994 Habitat preference of the white rhino in the Kruger National Park: pp. 59-64, figs. 1-2 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Daily Routine White Rhino White rhinoceroses are also very partial to wallowing in the mud-holes that form on the clayey soil on the bottom-lands. It seems thus that the Combretum woodland landscapes fulfil most of the white rhinoceros's needs. Wallowing also took place at waterholes. White rhino either rolled in muddy...   details Pienaar, D.J. 1994 Social organization and behaviour of the white rhinoceros: pp. 87-92, tables 1-2 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Fighting White Rhino At the end of the dry season when water is scarce some mates have to cross other territories on their way to water. This leads to a increase in conflict and more fighting ensues. In the Kruger National Park this contributes to an increase of adult male mortalities at end of dry season. On a ga...   details Rabinowitz, A. 1994 On the horns of a dilemma. Wildlife Conservation 97 (5): 32-39, figs. 1-6 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South East Asia - Malaysia - Sarawak Behaviour - Social Behaviour Sumatran Rhino A high-pitched squeal put me on guard as the rhino turned his head in my direction. It was a strange, almost childlike sound coming from such a large animal.   details Pienaar, D.J. 1994 Habitat preference of the white rhino in the Kruger National Park: pp. 59-64, figs. 1-2 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Daily Routine White Rhino Field observations have shown that in the mornings white rhinoceros feed by preference on the shade-loving grasses such as Panicum maximum that grow on the riverbanks. When it gets warm they utilize the watersheds to rest in the shade. The catenary sequence (Figure 2) in the Combretum landscape...   details Adcock, K. 1994 The relevance of 'territorial' behaviour in black rhino to their population management: pp. 82-86, fig. 1, table 1 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino Territorial behaviour is indicated by the repulsion of competing conspecifics from an area occupied by one individual, through overt defense or advertisement. Territorial black and white rhino males show aggression to other rhino which are not tolerated, and chase them away. The clarity of the ...   details Pienaar, D.J. 1994 Habitat preference of the white rhino in the Kruger National Park: pp. 59-64, figs. 1-2 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Daily Routine White Rhino White rhinos are dependant on regular access to surface water and will drink daily or twice daily during the wet season when water is abundantly available. During the dry season some animals are forced to make a journey to longer-lasting waterholes and drinking frequency was reduced to 2-4 day i...   details Pienaar, D.J. 1994 Social organization and behaviour of the white rhinoceros: pp. 87-92, tables 1-2 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Daily Routine White Rhino Territorial males scattered their dung after defecating, while subordinate males, females and subadults did not scatter their dung or only made a few ineffectual kicking movements.   details Baker, M. 1994 Black rhino power. On Track 1994 Summer: 52, fig. 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Towards Man Black Rhino As soon as the sun was up, we headed back to where we had last seen the Rhino. What sounded like a runaway steam train broke out of the bush 10m on our right, on a collision course with us. Barry fumbled to find the gears and he fumbled again. Allison closed her eves and turned her face away   details Rabinowitz, A. 1994 On the horns of a dilemma. Wildlife Conservation 97 (5): 32-39, figs. 1-6 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South East Asia - Malaysia - Sarawak Behaviour - Daily Routine Sumatran Rhino Another distinctive trait is the habit of taking mud baths several times a day. Where they travel regularly, rhinos make wallows, or depressions in the soil, that often take on the shape of the animal. These wallows are filled with a clay 'broth' that covers the rhino's body with a layer of mud...   details Merz, A. 1994 Big little ears. BBC Wildlife 12 (11) November: 28-34, 8 plates, 1 figure Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Kenya Behaviour Black Rhino No details available yet   details Merz, A. 1994 Samia's Diary. BBC Wildlife 12 (11) November: 34-35, 3 plates Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Kenya Behaviour Black Rhino No details available yet   details Bhattacharya, A. 1994 Some new aspects of pre and post defecation behaviour associated with scent marking relationship in Great Indian one horned rhinoceros. Cheetal 33 (3/4): 1-9 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South Asia - India Behaviour Indian Rhino No details available yet   details Howland, H.C.; Howland, M.; Murphy, C.J. 1993 Refractive state of the rhinoceros. Vision Research 33 (18): 2649-2651, fig. 1 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Senses All Rhino Species Refractive state of rhinoceros. Rhinoceroses are often thought to be myopic. Typical is the view expressed in this quotation from Jurassic Park (Creighton, 1990) in describing the visual capabilities of Tricaterops: 'They're nearsighted, like the rhinos of today, and they tend to be surprised b...   details Blaszkiewitz, B. 1993 32jahriges Breitmaulnashorn (Ceratotherium simum) gestorben. Zoologische Garten 63 (3): 207 Location: Subject: Species: Captive Behaviour Black Rhino No details available yet   details Germonpre, M. 1993 Taphonomy of Pleistocene mammal assemblages of the Flemish Valley, Belgium. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre Series, Aardwetenschappen, Bruxelles 63: 271-297. Location: Subject: Species: Europe Behaviour Fossil No details available yet   details Bhattacharya, A. 1993 Pre-mating call of Great Indian one horned rhinoceros (R.unicornis, L.) and its comparative study with other calls. Cheetal 31 (3/4): 30-32 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South Asia - India Behaviour Indian Rhino No details available yet   details Viljoen, P. 1992 Aerial census to gauge population trends. Custos 21 (4): 42-46, figs. 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Namibia Behaviour - Daily Routine Black Rhino Individual recognizable rhinos were observed at localities up to 100 km apart.   details Alexander, R.McN.; Pond, C.M. 1992 Locomotion and bone strength of the white rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum. Journal of Zoology, London 227: 63-69, fig. 1, tables 1-3 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Locomotion White Rhino Figure 1 shows an adult Ceratotherium galloping at 6.1 m/s. Other sequences (also of adults) show speeds up to 7.5 m/s. This is slightly above the maximum speed of 7.0 m/s recorded for butfalo (Syncerus cafferr) by Alexander, Langman & Jayes (1977), but well below the 11 m/s which they recorded...   details Alexander, R.McN.; Pond, C.M. 1992 Locomotion and bone strength of the white rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum. Journal of Zoology, London 227: 63-69, fig. 1, tables 1-3 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Locomotion White Rhino Locomotion and bone strength in Ceratotherium simum. The elephants, rhinoceroses and hippopotamus are the most massive of all living land animals. Owen-Smith (1988) gives mean masses for adult males of 5000 and 4000 kg for the elephants Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximum, respectively; 220...   details Kock, M.D. 1992 Conservation of White (Ceratotherium simum) and Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) in Zimbabwe: effects of horn removal. Proceedings of the AAZV, AAWV Joint Conference 1992: 86 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Zimbabwe Behaviour Black Rhino No details available yet   details Mason, D.R. 1991 Monitoring of ungulate population structure in the Kruger National Park - report of a survey during August, September and October 1990. Skukuza, National Parks Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Ground sample of 61 comprised 12 lone adult male, 4 bachelor groups of 2 adult male each, 5 pairs of adult male and adult female, 1 pair of adult female and subadult female, 1 pair of adult female and subadult female accompanied by 1 adult male, 2 pairs of adult female and young female, 3 pairs o...   details Hodgden, R. 1991 Short-term separation and stress of mother and daughter southern white rhinoceroses at the North Carolina Zoological Park (abstract). Applied Animal Behavior Science 29: 513 Location: Subject: Species: Captive Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino A mother-daughter pair of southern white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum) was separated for the first time after 9 years. It was hoped that reducing the strength of the pair bond would make breeding more likely for either female with the 1 male and would build a tolerance to separation, ...   details Muggenthaler, E.K.von 1991 Rhino infrasound study. Around the Horn 2 (1): 5-6 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour All Rhino Species No details available yet   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Locomotion White Rhino When in a hurry they move with a graceful trot, timed from a vehicle as up to 28 km/h, and under stress canter and gallop at up to 40 km/h   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino During the association of the cow and her calf, the calf usually precedes its mother when moving, being guided by gentle prods of her horn. This is in contrast to the black rhinoceros, D. bicornis, where the calf usually runs by her side or behind her.   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Territorial bulls occupy clearly defined territories, which they defend against the trespass of other bulls from neighboring territories. In the Umfolozi Game Reserve in Natal, these territories vary in size from 0,75 km? to 2,60 km? (Owen-Smith, 1973); somewhat smaller than those of the black...   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Locomotion White Rhino White rhinoceros walk slowly, their heads held close to the ground, their nostrils in close contact with it to the extent that, in sandy soil, the broad mouth may mark clearly in the spoor. When in a hurry they move with a graceful trot, timed from a.vehicle as up to 28 km/h, and under stress ca...   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Daily Routine White Rhino The territorial bull alone sprays urine which is directed backwards between the hind legs. Sometimes the urine emerges as a stream and the dung is deposited without scattering. These actions are common near territorial boundaries, but may take place anywhere within the territory. However, when...   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Towards Man White Rhino They are generally temperamentally quieter and less prone to provocation than black rhinoceros.   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Senses White Rhino White rhinoceros have poor sight but acute senses of smell and hearing. The ears which can be rotated independently, orientate quickly to face any strange sound and move continually, even when the individual is apparently asleep.   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Daily Routine White Rhino Having defecated, he scatters his dung by kicking with the back feet. Sometimes the urine emerges as a stream and the dung is deposited without scattering. These actions are common near territorial boundaries, but may take place anywhere within the territory.   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino Black rhinoceros vocalise in a number of ways, the most commonly heard being the repeated loud snort given when the individual gets a fright or is angry. They grunt and growl when fighting and may squeal or scream loudly. The cow calls the calf by emitting a highpitched mew, while the calf, if ...   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Vocalisations and subtle displays are used for direct communication; Owen-Smith (1973) recognised 10 of the former and 15 of the latter. Territorial bulls are normally silent, even in encounters, but occasionally may snort when another moves nearby. During courtship of a female, they may squeal...   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino White rhinoceros occur in small groups consisting of a single dominant or territorial bull, subordinate bulls, cows and their offspring.   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Communication within the species depends heavily on olfactory signals (urine and dung constituents), which individual rhinoceros detect through their sensitive sense of smell as they cross the paths of other members of their community, and encounter their dung middens.   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Fighting White Rhino Territorial bulls trespassing into the territory of an adjacent bull normally take avoidance action and serious fights are usually averted. Encounters may take the form of short charges with much dust raising or, at closer quarters, horn clashing. Where a territorial bull is accompanied by a fe...   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Subordinate bulls are tolerated by a territorial bull, providing they remain submissive, and they spend most of their lives within his territory, although they make occasional explorations outside it. Several subordinate bulls may live in a territory of a single territorial bull.   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Daily Routine Black Rhino Black rhinoceros deposit their dung in latrines but will also defecate on paths or fortuitously anywhere in their home range. The latrines may be used by a number of individuals. Usually a small bush marks the centre of the latrine. After deposition the dung is vigorously scraped by the bulls ...   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Towards Man Black Rhino While they have a reputation for being irascible and bad-tempered, this depends on circumstances and the individual. Normally human scent will make them move off, but their reactions depend on whether they have been hunted or harried, or left in peace, and they do sometimes charge from 50 to 70 ...   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino Black rhinoceros are not strictly territorial in the sense of defending delimited areas against others of their species,   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Daily Routine Black Rhino Urination may take place in a fine stream or the urine may be ejected by the bulls in a spray in short bursts, backwards on to a bush or other object. Cows likewise, when moving, may squirt small quantities of urine. Spraying of urine may have the effect of advertising the individual's presence...   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Daily Routine Black Rhino During the heat of day they retire to the shade of thickets or woodland to sleep, either standing motionless or lying with their legs curled under them. They tend to rest on the tops of ridges but they will also lie in dusty hollows, sometimes in the full sun, or by water holes or mud wallows. ...   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino Black rhinoceros tend to be solitary, the only stable bond being between the female and her calf, but even this is only of a temporary nature, persisting into the female's next pregnancy and ceasing altogether with the birth of her next calf. Other associations, such as that of an adult male wit...   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Locomotion Black Rhino They appear heavy-footed when walking, but are extraordinarily agile when provoked. At a gallop they can cover the ground at speed and can spin around within their own length.   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Senses White Rhino White rhinoceros have poor sight but acute senses of smell and hearing. They respond more readily to moving objects, which are only discerned at ranges of 10-25 m, than to those at rest.   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Senses White Rhino White rhinoceros have poor sight but acute senses of smell and hearing. Owen-Smith (1973) recorded that when downwind, they respond with alertness to human scent at about 0,8 km, and continually investigate odours when moving.   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Fighting Black Rhino Although adult bulls are inclined to be aggressive towards other bulls, they deliberately tend to avoid contact. Serious fighting, however, does take place, especially between bulls over a female in oestrus, between bulls and cows, but rarely between cows. There is a higher mortality in males (...   details Mason, D.R. 1990 Monitoring of ungulate population structure in the Kruger National Park - report of a survey during August, September and October 1989. Skukuza, National Parks Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Total sample 33, comprising 9 lone adult male, 3 bachelor groups of 2 adult male each, 1 pair of adult male and adult female, 1 pair of adult female and young female, 4 pairs of adult female with juvenile, 1 pair of adult female and juvenile accompanied by 1 adult male, 1 association of 2 adult f...   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Daily Routine White Rhino During the summer months, white rhinoceros indulge in mud-wallowing or lying in muddy pools as a means of thermoregulation, but more especially for the purpose of coating the body with a layer of mud as a means of ridding themselves of ecto-parasites. Following mud-wallowing they will rub themse...   details Lever, C. 1990 Lake Nakuru black rhinoceros sanctuary. Oryx 24 (2): 90-94, figs. 1-4, map 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Kenya Behaviour - Fighting Black Rhino Black rhinos are not gregarious creatures and problems can arise if populations become too great for a given area. Even when the population is not large, difficulties can arise. Shortly after the rhinos were transferred from Solio to Nakuru, an immature female was attacked and injured by an adu...   details Reilly, T. 1990 Black rhino return to Swaziland. REF Journal 3: 20-23, fig. 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Swaziland Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino Released animals. Mayaluka returned to the boma often, where he demolished bushes and churned up the soil in a territorial display against Fecele, who was in an adjacent area separated by electrified wire. The two bulls frequently display along this fenceline and square up to each other, but to...   details Aziz, T. 1990 Some studies on the behaviour of the Indian one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) in the Dudhwa national Park (U.P.). Thesis presented to Aligarh Muslim University, pp. 1-93 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South Asia - India Behaviour Indian Rhino No details available yet   details Kiwia, H.D. 1989 Ranging patterns of the black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis (L.)) in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 27: 305-312, figs. 1-3, tables 1-3 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Tanzania Behaviour - Daily Routine Black Rhino Sub-adult males and bulls spray-urinated when walking from one station to the other and especially when bulls were courting females. Bulls spray-urinate more often when courting females than when engaged in other activities. Also when courting, male A was twice observed scraping dung piles very...   details Kiwia, H.D. 1989 Ranging patterns of the black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis (L.)) in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 27: 305-312, figs. 1-3, tables 1-3 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Tanzania Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino Owen-Smith (1974) found white rhinoceros bulls to be territorial, although they foray outside their territories to look for water in the dry season. Territorial borders are marked by large hollowed-out dung piles. Ritualized urination is most pronounced when bulls are patrolling the border regi...   details Dutta, G.C.; Bhattacharyya 1989 Some observations on daily habitual activity of one horned rhinoceros. Zoos Print 4 (11): 19, fig. 1 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South Asia - India - Assam Behaviour - Daily Routine Indian Rhino They are seen grazing at dawn and morning from 3 am to 10 am and evening 3 p, to 10 pm. In March the pattern was one day: Grazing from 4 am to 9.25 am. Then it entered the tall grasses for resting. At 10 am it approached the mud wallow to cool the body and rested up to 2.30 pm. Then grazing i...   details Kiwia, H.D. 1989 Ranging patterns of the black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis (L.)) in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 27: 305-312, figs. 1-3, tables 1-3 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Tanzania Behaviour - Daily Routine Black Rhino Densities of dung piles in Lerai forest and in the open grassland sample area were 78.5 and 9.3 per km? respectively (Fig. 2a & b). Eighty-two per cent of the piles in the forest and 97% in the grassland were deposited within a meter of the main rhino tracks (Fig. 3a & b). Over 60% of all defae...   details Buitron, D. 1989 Chizarira: the black rhino's last Eden. Swara 12 (2): 25-27, figs. 1-4 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Zimbabwe Behaviour - Towards Man Black Rhino Led by an experienced professional hunter/guide, all six of us crept to within 15 meters of them before one caught our scent and began a charge. Fortunately, our guide was able to turn it by simply running directly at the rhino while waving his arms and yelling at the top of his lungs. Both rhi...   details Zainuddin, Zainal Zahari; Tajuddin Abdullah, M. 1989 Psychological restraint in captive Sumatran Rhinoceros ( Dicerorhinus sumatrensis). Journal of Wildlife and Parks (Malaysia) 8: 109-111 Location: Subject: Species: Captive - Asia Behaviour Sumatran Rhino No details available yet   details Mueller, C.C. 1988 Sumatranashorner in Malakka. Zoologische Garten 58 (5/6): 411-413, figs. 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Towards Man Sumatran Rhino In the interior cages there were 2 adult female Sumatran rhinos, of which one had a young calf of about a week old, born in the zoo on 24 May 1987 according to the keepers. There also was an adult male. All three adults were wild caught, and they were very tame. The mother of the calf had been...   details Mason, D.R. 1988 Monitoring of ungulate population structure in the Kruger National Park - report of a survey during August, September and October 1987. Skukuza, National Parks Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Social units: 6 lone adult male, 4 bachelor groups, one of 3 adult male and two of 2 adult male, 1 pair of adult female and subadult male, 1 pairs of adult female and subadult female, 1 pair of adult female with juvenile, 1 pair of adult female and juvenile accompanied by 1 adult male, 1 associat...   details Cranbrook, Earl of 1987 Riches of the wild: land mammals of South-East Asia. Singapore, Oxford, New York, Oxford University Press, pp. i-vii, 1-95 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Sumatran Rhino They are normally solitary.   details Meckvichai, C. 1987 On the status of the Sumatran rhino in captivity in Thailand. Rimba Indonesia 21 (1): 57-58 Location: Subject: Species: Captive - Asia Behaviour - Daily Routine Sumatran Rhino The animal was seen defecating often into the water.   details Meckvichai, C. 1987 On the status of the Sumatran rhino in captivity in Thailand. Rimba Indonesia 21 (1): 57-58 Location: Subject: Species: Captive - Asia Behaviour - Towards Man Sumatran Rhino Animal in zoo Bangkok. It was very tame.   details Shave, J. 1987 Port Lympne rhino and hoofstock report. Help Newsletter, Port Lympne 9: 35 Location: Subject: Species: Captive - Europe Behaviour - Locomotion Black Rhino Further to our last report in Newsletter No.6. 1984, Kingo and Arusha are still the best of friends. With winter approaching we decided to take the rhino off the pasture, to enable us to prepare the paddock for next summer. During the winter months and after a heavy snowfall, Mr. Aspinall chose...   details Happold, D.C.D. 1987 The mammals of Nigeria. Oxford, Clarendon Press, pp. i-xvii, 1-402 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Locomotion All Rhino Species rhinos can run extremely quickly, but their usual gait is a sedate walk as they browse among the shrubs.   details Anonymous 1987 Renosters laat Eskom kop krap. Custos 16 (3): 8, figs. 1-3 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Daily Routine White Rhino White rhinos in Sabie Sand Game Reserve use the electricity poles leading to the lodge and waterholes in the reserve as rubbing posts. The problem was solved by reinstating the poles and surround them with large boulders. Parts of the damaged poles were put back again for the rhinos to use as r...   details Sheldrick, D. 1987 Raising a baby rhino. Pachyderm 8: 17-18 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Kenya Behaviour - Towards Man Black Rhino Rhinos tame quicker and easier than any other animal. Even an adult can be tamed within only a few days.   details Happold, D.C.D. 1987 The mammals of Nigeria. Oxford, Clarendon Press, pp. i-xvii, 1-402 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Towards Man Black Rhino The well-known accounts of unpredictable charges by rhinos are, more often than not, a fright reaction to something they cannot see, rather than a premeditated attack.   details Mason, D.R. 1987 Monitoring of ungulate population structure in the Kruger National Park - report of a survey during August, September and October 1986. Skukuza, National Parks Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Social units: 9 lone adult male, 2 bachelor groups each comprising 2 adult male, 1 pair (adult male + adult female), 1 pair pf adult female and juvenile male, 2 pairs of adult female and yearling female, 1 association of 2 adult female + 2 sub-adult male, 1 association of 2 adult female accompani...   details Happold, D.C.D. 1987 The mammals of Nigeria. Oxford, Clarendon Press, pp. i-xvii, 1-402 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Daily Routine Black Rhino Mostly nocturnal, but they also feed and drink during the day except during the hottest hours when they rest in the shade of trees, or wallow in mud to keep cool. Their activity patterns vary depending on the air temperature, season and locality.   details Happold, D.C.D. 1987 The mammals of Nigeria. Oxford, Clarendon Press, pp. i-xvii, 1-402 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino Rather solitary, usually seen singly or in pairs, and it is rare to see more than 5 individuals together. Males only associate with females for mating, and most pairs or groups are mothers with young.   details Atmawidjaja, R. 1987 Country report - Indonesia: Rhino management in Indonesia. Rimba Indonesia 21 (1): 70-74 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Daily Routine Sumatran Rhino Active in the night (nocturnal).   details Atmawidjaja, R. 1987 Country report - Indonesia: Rhino management in Indonesia. Rimba Indonesia 21 (1): 70-74 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South East Asia - Indonesia - Java Behaviour - Social Behaviour Javan Rhino It lives solitary or in small groups of two (male, female) or three (male, female and young).   details Cranbrook, Earl of 1987 Riches of the wild: land mammals of South-East Asia. Singapore, Oxford, New York, Oxford University Press, pp. i-vii, 1-95 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Daily Routine Sumatran Rhino They deposit their dung at fixed points where large piles of their nodular droppings accumulate.   details Cranbrook, Earl of 1987 Riches of the wild: land mammals of South-East Asia. Singapore, Oxford, New York, Oxford University Press, pp. i-vii, 1-95 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Daily Routine Sumatran Rhino They make wallows in muddy ground and frequent mineral springs.   details Nardelli, F. 1985 The Sumatran Rhinoceros Project. Help Newsletter, Port Lympne 7: 4-8, figs. 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Daily Routine Sumatran Rhino For most of the time they are nocturnal, wandering about in a large territory, though the males seem to cover more ground than the females.   details Nardelli, F. 1985 The Sumatran Rhinoceros Project. Help Newsletter, Port Lympne 7: 4-8, figs. 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Senses Sumatran Rhino Verdicts on the rhino's hearing range from acute to rather poor, though most writers agree that it has a well-developed sense of smell, on which it must rely to help compensate for less good sight.   details Choudhury, A. 1985 Distribution of Indian one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis). Tiger Paper 12 (2): 25-30, maps 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South Asia - India Behaviour - Daily Routine Asian Rhino Species With map of this trek. On January 23, 1984 the author saw a female rhino near Nagarbera village (about 100 km. west of Gauhati). This rhino is believed to have left Pabitara Wildlife Sanctuary towards the end of December 1983 along with a male. Subsequently the male was killed and the female w...   details Nardelli, F. 1985 The Sumatran Rhinoceros Project. Help Newsletter, Port Lympne 7: 4-8, figs. 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Senses Sumatran Rhino Verdicts on the rhino's hearing range from acute to rather poor, though most writers agree that it has a well-developed sense of smell, on which it must rely to help compensate for less good sight.   details Nardelli, F. 1985 The Sumatran Rhinoceros Project. Help Newsletter, Port Lympne 7: 4-8, figs. 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Sumatran Rhino Wallowing rhinos have been heard giving contented buzzing sounds, varied by snorts and grunts, though a series of squeaks seem to be the usual sound of an undisturbed rhinoceros feeding. Captive females have also been known to give loud whistles.   details Nardelli, F. 1985 The Sumatran Rhinoceros Project. Help Newsletter, Port Lympne 7: 4-8, figs. 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Sumatran Rhino Sumatran rhinos are solitary animals, except for intervals when a mating pair or a mother and calf live together.   details Nardelli, F. 1985 The Sumatran Rhinoceros Project. Help Newsletter, Port Lympne 7: 4-8, figs. 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Daily Routine Sumatran Rhino wandering about in a large territory, though the males seem to cover more ground than the females.   details Nardelli, F. 1985 The Sumatran Rhinoceros Project. Help Newsletter, Port Lympne 7: 4-8, figs. 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Daily Routine Sumatran Rhino Urine sprayed on the leaves of plants along the trails is a sign of the presence of rhinos, while twisted saplings may show the boundaries of particular animals' territories, especially those of males.   details Nardelli, F. 1985 The Sumatran Rhinoceros Project. Help Newsletter, Port Lympne 7: 4-8, figs. 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Daily Routine Sumatran Rhino Along these paths, droppings are often left in specific, recognized areas, although rhinos may also defecate in water, if there is a stream or pond nearby.   details Nardelli, F. 1985 The Sumatran Rhinoceros Project. Help Newsletter, Port Lympne 7: 4-8, figs. 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Daily Routine Sumatran Rhino Main tracks may connect wallowing places too, as it is essential for the Sumatran rhino to have baths or wallows in mud as often as once or twice each day, for several hours at a time, in order to keep its skin healthy, free of cracks, parasites, and inflammation. Streams with stony beds or pool...   details Negi, S.S. 1985 Himalayan wildlife: an introduction. Dehradun, Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, pp. i-ii, i-iv, 1-149 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Daily Routine Indian Rhino Rhinoceros are fond of wallowing in water, wet mud or even sand, particularly during the hot season.   details Jachman, H. 1984 Status of the Mwabvi rhino (Diceros bicornis). Nyala 10 (2): 77-90, figs. 1-8, table 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Malawi Behaviour - Daily Routine Black Rhino Although the rhino spent most of the daytime in the thicket and riverine vegetations, it was observed from spoor and middens that during the night they spent significant amount of time browsing in the open mixed woodland.   details Jachman, H. 1984 Status of the Mwabvi rhino (Diceros bicornis). Nyala 10 (2): 77-90, figs. 1-8, table 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Malawi Behaviour - Daily Routine Black Rhino The overall distribution of rhino does not seem to change much over the seasons, as old and fresh middens and spoor were evenly distributed over the entire area. The availability of water appears to be the main factor determining minor occupancy differences over the seasons.   details Dittrich, L.; Everts, W.; Schmidt, C.R. 1983 Aus Nashorner haben ein gutes Gedachtnis. Zoofreund, Hanover no. 49: 18-19, figs. 1-3 Location: Subject: Species: Captive - Europe Behaviour Black Rhino No details available yet   details Underwood, R. 1982 Seasonal changes in African ungulate groups. Journal of Zoology, London 196 (2): 191-205 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Zimbabwe Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Statistics on group size changes during the months of the year, very little difference.   details Bhattacharya, A. 1982 Daily activity cycle of Great Indian one horned rhinoceros at Gorumara and Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuaries, West Bengal, India. Journal of the Bengal Society of Natural History (new series) 1 (2): 30-32 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South Asia - India Behaviour Indian Rhino No details available yet   details back to search page Sort order: ------------------- Date ASC Author normal    (9) 1 2 3 4 5 ...