Reference Base Notes for: Ecology - Census Methods back to search page Sort order: ------------------- Date ASC Author normal    Robertson, D.; Swart, D. 2009 South Africa: Small things - big difference. The Horn Autumn 2009: 10-11 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Census Methods African Rhino Species No details available yet   details Alibhai, S.K.; Jewell, Z.C.; Law, P.R. 2008 Identifying white rhino (Ceratotherium simum) by a footprint identification technique, at the individual and species levels. Endangered Species Research 4: 205-218, figs. 1-5, tables 1-4 Location: Subject: Species: Africa Ecology - Census Methods White Rhino No details available yet   details Patton, F.; Jones, M. 2008 Errors that occur when using photo-identification to identify individual black rhinos. Pachyderm 44: 35-44, figs. 1-5, tabs. 1-9 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino No details available yet   details Patton, F.; Campbell, P.; Parfet, E. 2007 Establishing a monitoring system for black rhinos in the Solio Game Reserve, central Kenya. Pachyderm 43: 87-95, figs. 1-4 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Kenya Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino No details available yet   details Dunn, J.M.; Hearne, J.W.; MacArthur, L. 2007 A simple individual based model of black rhinoceros in Africa. Proceedings of the International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, MODSIM 07, Christchurch, New Zealand, 10-13 December 2007: 2196-2202, figs. 1-3, tabs. 1-5 Location: Subject: Species: Africa Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino No details available yet   details Emslie, R.H. 2000 Sandwith's rhino identification training course for field rangers revised by the Africa Rhino Specialist Group. Pachyderm 29: 57 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino A revised training course has been produced by Keryn Adcock and Richard Emslie. In revising the course, they consulted users of the original Sandwith ID training course and experts in adult environmental education and training methods to give feedback and suggest how the original course could be...   details Long, B.; Roth, B.; Holden, J.; Uck, S. 2000 Large mammals: pp. 49-68, table 1 In: Daltry, J.C. et al. Cardamom Mountains biodiversity survey 2000. Cambridge, Fauna and Flora International: pp. 1-252 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - East Asia - Cambodia Ecology - Census Methods Javan Rhino In suitable terrain, rhino trails and wallows will remain visible many years after extirpation of the species. On steep slopes especially, deep rhino trails can remain visible for 10 years or more (N. van Strien, pers. comm.).   details Polet, G.; Tran Van Mui; Nguyen Xuan Dang; Bui Huu Manh; Baltzer, M. 1999 The Javan rhinos, Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus, of Cat Tien National Park, Vietnam: current status and management implications. Pachyderm 27: 34-48, figs. 1-2, photos 1-7, tables 1-4 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - East Asia - Vietnam Ecology - Census Methods Javan Rhino For the rhino survey, standard tracking analysis methods were used consisting of three components: a. establishment of the current range by surveying a wide area for any signs of rhinos, b. track analysis by measuring footprints encountered and making plaster casts in order to identify individ...   details Planton, H. 1999 Rhinoceros noir du Nord Ouest de l'Afrique (Diceros bicornis longipes): le compte a rebours continue. Pachyderm 27: 86-100, figs. 1-6, photo 1-8, table 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Western Africa - Cameroon Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino The characteristics of the environment where the rhinos live make direct observations very difficult. It is not strange to be within a few metres of a rhino without being able to see it. Idenfification of traces and footprints help to estimate numbers, the home range, and the principal habitats.   details Morgan-Davies, M. 1996 A photographic method for identifying black rhinoceros individuals. Pachyderm 21: 35-37, figs. 1-5 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Kenya Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino A fundamental requirement for the successful monitoring of a rhino population is the positive identification of each individual animal by way of its physiological and morphological characteristies. Such features include age and sex, front and rear horn shapes, body scars and blemishes, the locat...   details Galli, N.S.; Flamand, J.R.B. 1995 Darting and marking black rhinoceros on foot: part of a monitoring and population estimation technique in Hluhluwe-Umfolozi park, South Africa. Pachyderm 20: 33-38, figs. 1-3, map 1, table 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino Close monitoring of rhino numbers is essential to provide revised population estimates for the annual RMG report. According to Brooks (1989), the details of each monitoring programme vary according to the characteristics of the area, the existing population of black rhinos in that area, availabl...   details Rabinowitz, A. 1994 On the horns of a dilemma. Wildlife Conservation 97 (5): 32-39, figs. 1-6 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South East Asia - Malaysia - Sarawak Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino The best way to accurately determine Sumatran rhino densities is extensive patrolling of a single, large study site over a long period of time. Only short time available. Unpredictable weather presented the biggest problem. The ground had to be wet enough so that we could find clear footprints...   details Knight, M.H.; Hitchins, P.; Erb, K.P. 1993 An aerial survey of rhino and elephant in Chobe National Park and surrounding areas, Northern Botswana, September 1992. Pachyderm 17: 64-74, figs. 1-4, tables 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Botswana Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino Flying and counting procedure. The principle aim of the survey was to locate black rhinos. The survey was undertaken in the late dry season (September) when the visibility is least impaired by the vegetation. The selection of areas most likely to have black rhinos was based upon past sighting ...   details Martin, E.B. 1993 Rhino poaching in Namibia from 1980 to 1990 and the illegal trade in the horn. Pachyderm 17: 39-51, figs. 1-5, tables 1-5 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Namibia Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino The Etosha authorities, especially Allan Cilliers, greatly increased their efforts in identifying individual rhinos in the Park. Although Allan Cilliers started to monitor rhinos in 1986, he expanded this work in 1989 after the severe poaching, by attempting to photograph each rhino in the Park....   details Yule, T.M. 1992 Black rhino monitoring in the Umfolozi/ Hluhluwe complex. Pachyderm 15: 58 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino Constant monitoring - South Africa. Since it began in 1988, the black rhino monitoring programme in the Umfolozi/Hluhluwe complex has made outstanding progress; it has provided many facts that now comprise a computer database. The information that can be derived from the data-base helps manager...   details Yule, T.M. 1992 Black rhino monitoring in the Umfolozi/ Hluhluwe complex. Pachyderm 15: 58 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino Since it began in 1988, the black rhino monitoring programme in the Umfolozi/Hluhluwe complex has made outstanding progress; it has provided many facts that now comprise a computer database. The information that can be derived from the data-base helps managers to be more productive and more accu...   details Conway, T. 1991 Black rhino monitoring in Umfolozi Game Reserve. News of the Natal Parks Board 1991 Winter: 1, fig. 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino In Umfolozi and other reserves in Natal, the density of black rhino is such that conventional methods of count- ing and monitoring, such as aerial census, are ineffective and inaccurate due to the fairly low density of black rhino and the poor visibility in the dense habitat they occupy. For suc...   details Khan, M. 1989 Asian Rhinos: an action plan for their conservation. Gland, IUCN, pp. i-iv, 1-23 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South Asia - Nepal Ecology - Census Methods Indian Rhino Research in Chitawan has demonstrated that the most accurate way to census rhinos is to photograph all individuals encountered.   details Kiwia, H.D. 1989 Ranging patterns of the black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis (L.)) in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 27: 305-312, figs. 1-3, tables 1-3 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Tanzania Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino Individual rhinos were identified using methods described by Klingel & Klingel (1966), Goddard (1966) and Mukinya (1973, 1976). Individuals were classified as adults, sub-adults or calves to accord with the technique used by Goddard (1967).   details Kiwia, H.D. 1989 Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis (L.)): population size and structure in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 27: 1-6, fig.1, tables 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Tanzania Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino All individual black rhinoceros in the Crater were photographed at close range, on both sides, and identified using various morphological characteristics. The photographs of each individual were mounted on an index card, below which a detailed description of the individual was written. Some of ...   details Loutit, B.D. 1988 The Damaraland rhino. African Wildlife 42 (2): 66-68, figs. 1-7 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Namibia Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino Monitoring of Kaokoveld rhinoceros and their movements began in 1982 but has recently, in the past three years. become more intensive. All nature conservation staff and non-government fieldworkers have contributed towards the formation of identikit files on each individual rhinoceros. Day-to-da...   details Gavor, I.K.N. 1988 Status report: Rhinos in Botswana. Report, pp. 1-10 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Botswana Ecology - Census Methods White Rhino Melton in 1982 estimated that the population size in Chobe NP and surrounding areas was around 100. The Kalahari Conservation Society in their April 1985 report based on aerial surveys of Northern Botswana put white rhino between 100 and 150. Recent 1987 survey by the Department of Wildlife and...   details Andau, P.M. 1987 Conservation of the Sumatran rhinoceros in Sabah, Malaysia. Rimba Indonesia 21 (1): 39-47, fig. 3 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South East Asia - Malaysia - Sarawak Ecology - Census Methods Sumatran Rhino The method entails the involvement of as many personnel as possible in the search for footprints of rhinos within a predetermined area and in accordance with a predetermined schedule of routes and times. Personnel enter the survey area in groups of four and work from a series of work camps in su...   details Hall-Martin, A. 1986 Recruitment in a small black rhino population. Pachyderm 7: 6-8, figs. 1-3, tables 1-3 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino Because of the nature of the vegetation at Addo - which is a dense thicket of mainly evergreen and succulent shrubs and small trees (HallMartin,etal. 1982), in which visibility is limited, and access restricted to a few roads and elephant paths - it is difficult to keep records of the rhino. All ...   details Jachman, H. 1984 Status of the Mwabvi rhino (Diceros bicornis). Nyala 10 (2): 77-90, figs. 1-8, table 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Malawi Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino Malawi, comparison of footprint and dropping census. Comments in relation to the footprint/droppings method, used during this survey, which can only be applied in areas with low rhino numbers. With higher rhino numbers, an alternative method may be applied. The procedure is as follows: 1. The...   details Stelfox, J.G.; Kufwafwa, J.W.; Ottichila, W.K. 1984 Monitoring elephant and rhino trends in Kenya. Pachyderm 4: 15 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Kenya Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino KREMu surveys - aerial. The aerial surveys were conducted along straightline transects in which the two rear-seat observers counted all animals observed within a strip of land 112 m wide on each side of the aircraft while the Cessna 185 aircraft flew at 91 m (300 ft) above ground level at a spee...   details Jachman, H. 1984 Status of the Mwabvi rhino (Diceros bicornis). Nyala 10 (2): 77-90, figs. 1-8, table 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Malawi Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino Malawi, census by using footprints. By comparing the means of the different sets of footprint measurements, in combination with differences in f, the minimum number of rhino was estimated to be 5. Rhinos 1 and 2 spent a considerable amount of time in the area around Mwabvi camp, which was samp...   details Jachman, H. 1984 Status of the Mwabvi rhino (Diceros bicornis). Nyala 10 (2): 77-90, figs. 1-8, table 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Malawi Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino Malawi, census by measuring rhino droppings. Rhino tend to scatter their droppings with their hind-feet, fortunately often missing some of the boli, which can be measured for circumference. The area directly west of the camp (about 1 km) was solely used by rhinos 1 and 2, for which two ranges of...   details Loutit, B.D. 1984 Protecting the black rhino in Damaraland, Namibia. Pachyderm 4: 13-14, figs. 1-3, map 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Namibia Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino Identikit system. Rhino numbers are carefully monitored by means of an identikit system compiled by Garth Owen-Smith, Karl Peter Erb, and the staff of the Skeleton Coast Park, assisted by Elias Hambo and Bernard Roman. To date 40 rhinos have been identified, most of which have been photographed...   details Hofmeyr, J.M. 1984 Method of censusing and the status of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) in the Etosha National Park. South African Journal of Science 80: 187 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Namibia Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino Marking techniques of individuals. Colour-coded reflector discs 20 mm in diameter and 3.5 mm thick, were in- serted at the base of the anterior aspect of the front and the lateral sides of back horns of adult and sub-adult rhinoceroses, to facilitate the positive identification of translocated a...   details Hofmeyr, J.M. 1984 Marking technique for the identification of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. South African Journal of Science 80: 187-188 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Namibia Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino During the periods of full moon from May to October 1980, black rhinoceroses were censused at all the important waterholes in the Etosha National Park. Identification based on anatomical features (particularly horns and notches in ears), group composition and behaviour, revealed a population of ...   details Borner, M.; Mbano, B. 1984 The use of correction factors in estimating rhino populations (abstract): p. 184 In: Cumming, D.H.M. et al. The status and conservation of Africa's elephants and rhinos. Proceedings of the joint meeting of IUCN/SSC African Elephant and African Rhino Specialist Groups at Hwamge Safari Lodge, Zimbabwe, 30 July to 7 August 1981. Nairobi, AESG: pp. i-vi, 1-195 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Tanzania Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino Commonly used methods to estimate rhino populations are 1. Direct Methods (a) aerial - total count - block count - Standard Recce Flight (b)ground - transect counts - road counts - drive counts - total counts - indivi...   details Makacha, S.; Mollel, C.L.; Rwezaura, J. 1979 The conservation status of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis, L) in the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 17: 97-103, figs. 1-4 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Tanzania Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino The count. The animals in the Crater floor are very conspicuous and this therefore justifies a total count which gives a real minimum number of animals to be counted but with the limitation in estimating the number of animals missing during the actual count. In this study, a total ground count ...   details Mwalyosi, R.B.B. 1977 A count of large mammals in Lake Manyara National Park. East African Wildlife Journal 15 (4): 333-335, tables 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Tanzania Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino Simultaneous air and ground census on 3 Oct 1975 in Lake Manyara NP. Aerial count results are on the low side for zebra, rhinoceros and giraffe, presumably because of the woody nature of the habitat and smaller group size of these species.   details Kerr, M.A.; Fothergill, R. 1971 Black rhinoceros in Rhodesia. Oryx 11 (2/3): 129-134, fig. 1, map 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Zimbabwe Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino Estimating numbers from surveys - Zimbabwe. No detailed survey of the population numbers of hook-lipped rhinoceros in Rhodesia has ever been carried out. The difficulties inherent in estimating their numbers in large areas of densely wooded and often broken terrain are considerable. Between Ma...   details Ansell, W.F.H. 1969 The black rhinoceros in Zambia. Oryx 10 (3): 176-192, 1 map, tables 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Zambia Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino Evaluation of census in Luangwa valley, Zambia. Uys' estimate is based partly on flying over the valley and partly on ground observation, and that of Allen and Berry on ground observation. All three observers have considerable experience of the areas for which they give figures. Dean's and Pat...   details Strickland, D.L 1968 Rhino report. Malayan Nature Journal 21 (1): 80-81 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South East Asia - Malaysia - Peninsular Ecology - Census Methods Asian Rhino Species Even though I have found tracks measuring at many intervals between 16 and 23 cm, the variability of track size even following the same animal makes the method of doubtful use in differentiating between animals of approximately the same size.   details Hitchins, P.M. 1968 Some preliminary findings on the population structure and status of the black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis in the Hluhluwe Game Reserve, Zululand. Lammergeyer 9: 26-28, tables 1-4 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino The black rhino in Hluhluwe possess a combination of horn and ear characteristics which enable an observer to recognize individuals when he has become familiar with the animals. By using this technique, a total of 161 different animals are known to the author.   details Goddard, J. 1967 The validity of censusing black rhinoceros populations from the air. East African Wildlife Journal 5: 18-23, table 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino Value of aerial census - Diceros bicornis . In East Africa, considerable use is made of light aircraft for censusing wild animal populations, and several estimates (based on aerial counts) of the rhinoceros population in the Serengeti region have been made in recent years. Grzimek and Grzimek (...   details Spillett, J.J. 1966 The Kaziranga Wild Life Sanctuary, Assam. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 63 (3): 494-528 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South Asia - India Ecology - Census Methods Indian Rhino The nature of the vegetation and the terrain in Kaziranga thwart the use of most methods commonly used to determine wildlife populations. Counting animals from an airplane was tried on 24 March 1949, but the grass cover was so dense that only a few animals could be counted. A 6-seater airplan...   details Klingel, H.; Klingel, U. 1966 The rhinoceroses of Ngorongoro Crater. Oryx 8 (5): 302-306, figs. 1-5, map 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Tanzania Ecology - Census Methods Black Rhino One of the most important problems was how to identify and recognise individual rhinos. We found that the shape of the horns, crippled or otherwise deformed ears, prominent scars on the body, the state of the tail and the sex of the animal provided sufficient details for the recognition of all i...   details Sody, H.J.V. 1936 Enkele eerste aanteekeningen over de sporen der Javaansche zoogdieren. Tectona 29: 215-262 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South East Asia - Indonesia - Java Ecology - Census Methods Javan Rhino The exceptional size (and depth), and consequently the long preservation of the tracks on good soil, can give the impression that the animal is numerous in certain areas, while in reality maybe just a single animal has passed the area several tims. Therefore the measurement of the tracks is very...   details back to search page Sort order: ------------------- Date ASC Author normal