Reference Base Notes for: Behaviour - Social Behaviour back to search page Sort order: ------------------- Date ASC Author normal    (2) 1 2  Nuwer, R.; Duthe, V. 2023 Rhinos' horns were cut to thwart poachers. After, they didn't go out much. New York Times 12 June 2023: 4 pages https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/climate/black-rhinos-horns Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino No details available yet   details Penny, SG; Withey, M; White, RL; Scott, DM; MacTavish, L; Pernetta, AP 2022 Changes in social dominance in a group of subadult white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) after dehorning. African Zoology 57 (1): 1-11 - https://doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2022.2046155 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino No details available yet   details Nakamichi, M.; Saito, M. 2022 Nursing behaviors of Black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis in a zoological park: a case report. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research 10 (3) 31 Jul 2022: 158-162, 1 table, 1 figure, https://doi.org/10.19227/jzar.v10i3.645 Location: Subject: Species: Captive - North America Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino No details available yet   details Liesowska, A.; Skarbo, S. 2021 Teenage woolly rhino still fed on mother's milk when it died in Pleistocene era. Siberian Times 19 Nov 2021: 1-10, 22 plates, 2 figures Location: Subject: Species: Asia - Palearctic Asia Behaviour - Social Behaviour Fossil No details available yet   details Medhi, S.; Saikia, M.K. 2019 Spatial relationship between mother-calf of Rhinoceros unicornis in a predator dominated landscape, Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India. Asian Journal of Conservation Biology 8 (2) Dec: 126-134 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South Asia - India - Assam Behaviour - Social Behaviour Indian Rhino No details available yet   details North Carolina Zoo, Asheboro, North Carolina 2013 Mixed species management and facility design (at Watani Plains exhibit). Proceedings of the 40th National Conference of the American Association of Zoo Keeper's Inc. Asheboro, North Carolina, September 22-26: presentation Location: Subject: Species: America - North America Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino No details available yet   details Malek, G. 2009 Inter- und intraspezifische Interaktionen sowie Raumnutzung von Breitmaulnashörnern (Ceratotherium simum) in Gemeinschaftshaltung mit anderen afrikanischen Makroherbivoren. Diplomarbeit vorgelegt zur Erlangung des Grades einer Diplom-Biologin an der Fakultät für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Ruhr-Universität Bochum: pp. 1-81 Location: Subject: Species: Captive Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino No details available yet   details Hopkinson, G. 2001 Interesting mammal sighting at Tau, Madikwe. CCA Ecological Journal 3: 13 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino A female white rhino with two calves was approached by a male which was anxious to mate; despite his attentions and loud whining, the female avoided him.   details Pham Nhat; Nguyen Xuan Dang; Polet, G. 2001 Field guide to the key mammal species of Cat Tien National Park. Hanoi, WWF Cat Tien National Park Conservation Project and Fauna and Flora International - Indochina Programme., pp. 1-145 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Javan Rhino The Javan (Vietnamese) Rhinoceros is solitary and extremely sensitive to human activity (Thus it has become nocturnal).   details Roche, C. 2000 Notes on territory and home range size of white rhinoceros in the southern Timbavati. CCA Ecological Journal 2: 130-133 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Territory Size. White Rhino bulls hold territories from which other adult territorial bulls are excluded and which are marked and patrolled on a regular basis (Owen-Smith, 1971). The aim of this study was to calculate average territory size in the study area and to compare these findings with t...   details Roche, C. 2000 Notes on territory and home range size of white rhinoceros in the southern Timbavati. CCA Ecological Journal 2: 130-133 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Some groups of cows form very stable units of up to four adult females and their dependent young. These animals are far more sedentary than the likes of the cow mentioned above and although they might leave the territory of the bull within which they reside for the majority of the time, they see...   details Mkenda, E.; Butchart, D. 2000 Notes on the status of black rhino in the Ngorongoro Crater. CCA Ecological Journal 2: 68-69 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Tanzania Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino In June, seven Black Rhino were seen together at 'Shamba la Faru', as females and young males of the same family. A group of the same size (possibly the same individuals) was seen at this same locality in October.   details Morinte, J.; Keter, P. 2000 Black rhino kills male lion. CCA Ecological Journal 2: 37 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Kenya Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino The sub-adult lions had probably never encountered a rhino before and jumped up at it. This appeared to anger the rhino which snorted and rushed at the nearest lion -the large male.   details Coetzee, B. 2000 Conita's weighty babies. SA Country Life 2000 February: 74, fig. 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino Hand reared animal. Conita Walker can now specify 14 specific, meaningful sounds.   details Mmesi, S. 2000 Interesting mammal observation. CCA Ecological Journal 2: 151 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino Three black rhino were seen together at Tholo Dam.   details Yadav, V.K. 2000 Male-male aggression in Rhinoceros unicornis - case study from North Bengal, India. Indian Forester 126 (10): 1030-1034 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South Asia - India - Assam Behaviour - Social Behaviour Indian Rhino Adult male Rhinos are solitary in nature and form temporary associations with females during sexual encounters.   details Roche, C. 1999 Interesting mammal observations at Ngala. CCA Ecological Journal 1: 79 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino A white rhino bull uttered a very strange, high-pitched squeaking call at intervals for over two hours, as it accompanied an adult female and its 2 months old calf. The obviously anxious bull appeared to be trying to prevent the mother and calf from moving away but no aggression was observed.   details Bester, P.C.; Hopkinson, G.; Loughram, G.; Lourens, S.; Beer, B. de; Trollip, J.; Taljaard, W. 1999 Interesting mammal observations at Tau. CCA Ecological Journal 1: 110 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino A gathering of 22 white rhino were seen together on the northern plains.   details Schwarzenberger, F.; Walzer, C.; Tomasova, K.; Vahala, J.; Meister, J.; Goodrowe, K.L.; Zima, J.; Strauss, G.; Lynch, M. 1998 Faecal progesterone metabolite analysis for non-invasive monitoring of reproductive function in the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). Animal Reproduction Science 53: 173-190 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino White rhino are territorial.   details Adcock, K.; Hansen, H.; Lindemann, H. 1998 Lessons from the introduced black rhino population in Pilanesberg National Park. Pachyderm 26: 40-51, figs. 1-5, tables 1-4, photos 1-5 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino Adult males over 15 years of age have little range overlap. This points at territory: Territorial behaviour of adult males: Only one mature male occupies a given range Males demarcate the territories by urinating and scraping dung piles Fighting is a major cause of death among...   details Schwarzenberger, F.; Walzer, C.; Tomasova, K.; Vahala, J.; Meister, J.; Goodrowe, K.L.; Zima, J.; Strauss, G.; Lynch, M. 1998 Faecal progesterone metabolite analysis for non-invasive monitoring of reproductive function in the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). Animal Reproduction Science 53: 173-190 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino In the wild, adult female are usually only accompanied by a single offspring. Subadults tend to associate in pairs and bulls typically are solitary. If a bull remains with a cow for more than a day, it is assumed the cow is coming into oestrous.   details Neuschulz, N.; Meister, J. 1998 Nashoernern auf der Spur: Leben und uberleben einer stark bedrohten Tierfamilie. Erfurt, Verein der Zooparkfreunde in Erfurt e.V., pp. 1-52 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Indian Rhino When there is enough food, there are often several animals in the same place.   details Neuschulz, N.; Meister, J. 1998 Nashoernern auf der Spur: Leben und uberleben einer stark bedrohten Tierfamilie. Erfurt, Verein der Zooparkfreunde in Erfurt e.V., pp. 1-52 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino Fights. Rival males often have strong fight, and the wounds caused by such fights is one of the most common causes of death.   details Meister, J. 1998 Investigations on the social and reproductive behaviour of captive White rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum). EEP Research Group Newsletter 5: 14-16 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino In zoos, aggression dependent on feeding method. In this Ph.D. thesis, captive White rhinoceroses observed for their social behaviour. Some animals were also studied when they were confronted with changing feeding situations, i.e. when food was offered on just one heap (clumped feeding) or in as...   details Lindeque, M.; Erb, K.P. 1995 Research on the effects of temporary horn removal on black rhinos in Namibia. Pachyderm 20: 27-30, table 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Namibia Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino The fact that black rhino cows hide their small calves has been reported interalia by Joubert & Eloff (1971), Hall-Martin & Penzhorn (1977) and Owen-Smith (1988), and not for the first time as claimed by Berger (1993b). Berger & Cunningham (1994a) alleged that all three calves disappeared within...   details Morkel, P. 1994 Chemical immobilization of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis): pp. 128-135 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino They are usually solitary and generally hostile when disturbed.   details Pienaar, D.J. 1994 Social organization and behaviour of the white rhinoceros: pp. 87-92, tables 1-2 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Owen-Smith distinguished five social categories differing in their patterns of interaction, spatial dispersion and roles in reproduction: i. juveniles; ii. subadults; iii. cows; iv. territorial adult males; v. subordinate adult males. White rhino cows were usually accompanied only by a single ca...   details Pienaar, D.J. 1994 Social organization and behaviour of the white rhinoceros: pp. 87-92, tables 1-2 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Owen-Smith distinguished five social categories differing in their patterns of interaction, spatial dispersion and roles in reproduction: i. juveniles; ii. subadults; iii. cows; iv. territorial adult males; v. subordinate adult males.   details Pienaar, D.J. 1994 Social organization and behaviour of the white rhinoceros: pp. 87-92, tables 1-2 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Dominant white rhino bulls investigated cows encountered within their territories, while cows responded with threatening snorts or roars. The onset of oestrus was indicated by the commencement of repeated approaches by the bull, accompanied by a hic-throbbing sound.   details Rabinowitz, A. 1994 On the horns of a dilemma. Wildlife Conservation 97 (5): 32-39, figs. 1-6 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South East Asia - Malaysia - Sarawak Behaviour - Social Behaviour Sumatran Rhino A high-pitched squeal put me on guard as the rhino turned his head in my direction. It was a strange, almost childlike sound coming from such a large animal.   details Adcock, K. 1994 The relevance of 'territorial' behaviour in black rhino to their population management: pp. 82-86, fig. 1, table 1 In: Penzhorn, B.L. et al. Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 9-10 September 1994: pp. i-iv, 1-242 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino Territorial behaviour is indicated by the repulsion of competing conspecifics from an area occupied by one individual, through overt defense or advertisement. Territorial black and white rhino males show aggression to other rhino which are not tolerated, and chase them away. The clarity of the ...   details Mason, D.R. 1991 Monitoring of ungulate population structure in the Kruger National Park - report of a survey during August, September and October 1990. Skukuza, National Parks Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Ground sample of 61 comprised 12 lone adult male, 4 bachelor groups of 2 adult male each, 5 pairs of adult male and adult female, 1 pair of adult female and subadult female, 1 pair of adult female and subadult female accompanied by 1 adult male, 2 pairs of adult female and young female, 3 pairs o...   details Hodgden, R. 1991 Short-term separation and stress of mother and daughter southern white rhinoceroses at the North Carolina Zoological Park (abstract). Applied Animal Behavior Science 29: 513 Location: Subject: Species: Captive Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino A mother-daughter pair of southern white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum) was separated for the first time after 9 years. It was hoped that reducing the strength of the pair bond would make breeding more likely for either female with the 1 male and would build a tolerance to separation, ...   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino During the association of the cow and her calf, the calf usually precedes its mother when moving, being guided by gentle prods of her horn. This is in contrast to the black rhinoceros, D. bicornis, where the calf usually runs by her side or behind her.   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Territorial bulls occupy clearly defined territories, which they defend against the trespass of other bulls from neighboring territories. In the Umfolozi Game Reserve in Natal, these territories vary in size from 0,75 km? to 2,60 km? (Owen-Smith, 1973); somewhat smaller than those of the black...   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino Black rhinoceros vocalise in a number of ways, the most commonly heard being the repeated loud snort given when the individual gets a fright or is angry. They grunt and growl when fighting and may squeal or scream loudly. The cow calls the calf by emitting a highpitched mew, while the calf, if ...   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Vocalisations and subtle displays are used for direct communication; Owen-Smith (1973) recognised 10 of the former and 15 of the latter. Territorial bulls are normally silent, even in encounters, but occasionally may snort when another moves nearby. During courtship of a female, they may squeal...   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino White rhinoceros occur in small groups consisting of a single dominant or territorial bull, subordinate bulls, cows and their offspring.   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Communication within the species depends heavily on olfactory signals (urine and dung constituents), which individual rhinoceros detect through their sensitive sense of smell as they cross the paths of other members of their community, and encounter their dung middens.   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Subordinate bulls are tolerated by a territorial bull, providing they remain submissive, and they spend most of their lives within his territory, although they make occasional explorations outside it. Several subordinate bulls may live in a territory of a single territorial bull.   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino Black rhinoceros are not strictly territorial in the sense of defending delimited areas against others of their species,   details Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. 1990 The mammals of the southern African subregion, new edition. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, pp. i-xxxii, 1-771 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino Black rhinoceros tend to be solitary, the only stable bond being between the female and her calf, but even this is only of a temporary nature, persisting into the female's next pregnancy and ceasing altogether with the birth of her next calf. Other associations, such as that of an adult male wit...   details Mason, D.R. 1990 Monitoring of ungulate population structure in the Kruger National Park - report of a survey during August, September and October 1989. Skukuza, National Parks Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Total sample 33, comprising 9 lone adult male, 3 bachelor groups of 2 adult male each, 1 pair of adult male and adult female, 1 pair of adult female and young female, 4 pairs of adult female with juvenile, 1 pair of adult female and juvenile accompanied by 1 adult male, 1 association of 2 adult f...   details Reilly, T. 1990 Black rhino return to Swaziland. REF Journal 3: 20-23, fig. 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Swaziland Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino Released animals. Mayaluka returned to the boma often, where he demolished bushes and churned up the soil in a territorial display against Fecele, who was in an adjacent area separated by electrified wire. The two bulls frequently display along this fenceline and square up to each other, but to...   details Kiwia, H.D. 1989 Ranging patterns of the black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis (L.)) in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 27: 305-312, figs. 1-3, tables 1-3 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Tanzania Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino Owen-Smith (1974) found white rhinoceros bulls to be territorial, although they foray outside their territories to look for water in the dry season. Territorial borders are marked by large hollowed-out dung piles. Ritualized urination is most pronounced when bulls are patrolling the border regi...   details Mason, D.R. 1988 Monitoring of ungulate population structure in the Kruger National Park - report of a survey during August, September and October 1987. Skukuza, National Parks Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Social units: 6 lone adult male, 4 bachelor groups, one of 3 adult male and two of 2 adult male, 1 pair of adult female and subadult male, 1 pairs of adult female and subadult female, 1 pair of adult female with juvenile, 1 pair of adult female and juvenile accompanied by 1 adult male, 1 associat...   details Cranbrook, Earl of 1987 Riches of the wild: land mammals of South-East Asia. Singapore, Oxford, New York, Oxford University Press, pp. i-vii, 1-95 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Sumatran Rhino They are normally solitary.   details Mason, D.R. 1987 Monitoring of ungulate population structure in the Kruger National Park - report of a survey during August, September and October 1986. Skukuza, National Parks Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Social units: 9 lone adult male, 2 bachelor groups each comprising 2 adult male, 1 pair (adult male + adult female), 1 pair pf adult female and juvenile male, 2 pairs of adult female and yearling female, 1 association of 2 adult female + 2 sub-adult male, 1 association of 2 adult female accompani...   details Happold, D.C.D. 1987 The mammals of Nigeria. Oxford, Clarendon Press, pp. i-xvii, 1-402 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino Rather solitary, usually seen singly or in pairs, and it is rare to see more than 5 individuals together. Males only associate with females for mating, and most pairs or groups are mothers with young.   details Atmawidjaja, R. 1987 Country report - Indonesia: Rhino management in Indonesia. Rimba Indonesia 21 (1): 70-74 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South East Asia - Indonesia - Java Behaviour - Social Behaviour Javan Rhino It lives solitary or in small groups of two (male, female) or three (male, female and young).   details Nardelli, F. 1985 The Sumatran Rhinoceros Project. Help Newsletter, Port Lympne 7: 4-8, figs. 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Sumatran Rhino Wallowing rhinos have been heard giving contented buzzing sounds, varied by snorts and grunts, though a series of squeaks seem to be the usual sound of an undisturbed rhinoceros feeding. Captive females have also been known to give loud whistles.   details Nardelli, F. 1985 The Sumatran Rhinoceros Project. Help Newsletter, Port Lympne 7: 4-8, figs. 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Sumatran Rhino Sumatran rhinos are solitary animals, except for intervals when a mating pair or a mother and calf live together.   details Underwood, R. 1982 Seasonal changes in African ungulate groups. Journal of Zoology, London 196 (2): 191-205 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Zimbabwe Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Statistics on group size changes during the months of the year, very little difference.   details Prater, S.H. 1980 The book of Indian animals. Bombay etc., Bombay Natural History Society and Oxford University Press, pp. i-xxiii, 1-324 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Indian Rhino The animal is solitary as a rule, though several may occupy the same patch of jungle.   details Prater, S.H. 1980 The book of Indian animals. Bombay etc., Bombay Natural History Society and Oxford University Press, pp. i-xxiii, 1-324 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Sumatran Rhino A pair will frequent a given area for a time and then move off, their movements being affected by the water supply.   details Bigalke, R.C. 1978 Mammals: pp. 981-1048 In: Werger, M.J.A. Biogeography and ecology of Southern Africa. Amsterdam, Junk (Monographia Biologicae, vol. 31): vol. 2, pp. 663-1439 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino There appears to be some uncertainty over social organization. Authors such as Schenkel & Schenkel-Hulliger and Joubert & Eloff found no evidence of territoriality. However Owen-Smith (1975) regards the species as being territorial and, contrary to conventional beliefs, finds little difference ...   details Banks, E. 1978 Mammals from Borneo. Brunei Museum Journal 4 (2): 165-227, pls. 1-14 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South East Asia - Borneo Behaviour - Social Behaviour Sumatran Rhino The Rhino when feeding squeals to itself with pleasure and can be heard some way off. When wallowing it snorts and blows and also makes a plaintive sound rather like the swishing noise made by the wings of a Hornbill in flight. When suspicious it gives a loud snort, breathes heavily through the...   details Bigalke, R.C. 1978 Mammals: pp. 981-1048 In: Werger, M.J.A. Biogeography and ecology of Southern Africa. Amsterdam, Junk (Monographia Biologicae, vol. 31): vol. 2, pp. 663-1439 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino There appears to be some uncertainty over social organization. Authors such as Schenkel & Schenkel-Hulliger and Joubert & Eloff found no evidence of territoriality. However Owen-Smith (1975) regards the species as being territorial and, contrary to conventional beliefs, finds little difference ...   details Nairobi National Park 1976 Animal orphanage. Nairobi, Ophanage, pp. 1-16 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Kenya Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino Black rhinos live solitary or in couples.   details Wilson, V.J. 1975 Mammals of the Wankie National Park, Rhodesia. Salisbury, National Museums and Monuments of Rhodesia, Museum memoir no.5, pp. i-iii, 1-147 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Zimbabwe Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino In June 1970, 12 were seen together, and over a distance of 4 miles a total of 17 were seen in the same day. On being disturbed the group of 12 split into 3 separate parties of 3, 5 and 4 animals.   details Richards, D. 1972 Square-lipped rhinoceros: behaviour. Lammergeyer 15: 77-78 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Watched a fight between 2 adult males. The combatant males were in a clearing, at the edge of which stood an adult female and a small calf. Male 1 stood nearest to the female. Whenever M2 approached, M1 and F swung round to face M2. M1 was roaring and squealing with ears flattened and pointin...   details Kakati, B.N.; Rajkonwar, C.J. 1972 Some observations on the reproductive behaviour of Rhinoceros unicornis. Indian Forester 98: 357-358, pl. 1 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Indian Rhino Lives alone   details Banerjee, R. 1972 Where flying vultures reveal secrets - Kaziranga. Cheetal 15 (1): 48-50, figs. 1-4 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Indian Rhino Rhinoceroses are territorial and remain on the same range throughout their lives.   details Frame, G.W.; Goddard, J. 1970 Black rhinoceros vocalisations. East African Wildlife Journal 8: 207 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino Numerous black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis (L.)) Vocalizations have been mentioned in the literature in recent years. As described by various authors, these Vocalizations vary considerably from 'mews' and 'squeaks' to 'grunts', 'squeals', 'roars' and 'puffing snorts'. One additional vocalizati...   details Rosten, I; Goddard, J. 1970 Kifaru the Black Rhinoceros. MGM production filmed in Ngorongoro Crater and Tsavo National Park, narrated by E.G. Marshall with E. Daarstad directing photography. https://archive.org/details/kifarutheblackrhinoceros, 2 reels [50.9 minutes], documents J. Goddard's efforts to study demographics, behavior and ecology of Diceros bicornis Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino No details available yet   details Medway, Lord 1969 The wild mammals of Malaya and offshore islands, including Singapore. Kuala Lumpur, Oxford University Press, pp. i-xix, 1-127 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Sumatran Rhino Reported to range from shrill whistles and peculiar humming sounds emitted when at peace and enjoying a wallow, to whistling screams and harsh grunts when wounded.   details Medway, Lord 1969 The wild mammals of Malaya and offshore islands, including Singapore. Kuala Lumpur, Oxford University Press, pp. i-xix, 1-127 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Sumatran Rhino Solitary, or single adults with young.   details Child, G. 1968 Behaviour of large mammals during the formation of Lake Kariba. Salisbury and Bulawayo, Trustees of the National Museums of Rhodesia, pp. i-vi, 1-123 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Zimbabwe Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino This evidence indicates rhino are generally fairly localised although the availability of open water probably determines the size of the home range as Dean has suggested. Ritchie (1963) indicates they wander five to 15 miles from water to feed in parts of Kenya, as well defined rhino paths lead ...   details Hallstrom, E. 1967 Notes on breeding the black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis at Sydney Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 7: 165 Location: Subject: Species: Captive - Australia Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino When the female shows interest in the male she is put with him until mating activity has ceased. When the female is in oestrous, the male calls to her, making sounds like a deep sigh.   details Foster, J.B. 1967 The square-lipped rhino (Ceratotherium simum cottoni (Lydekker)) in Uganda. East African Wildlife Journal 5: 167-171, fig. 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Uganda Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino This differing tolerance toward man extends to intraspecific aggregations. The black rhino frequently occurs singly; the square lipped rhino only rarely. Of 16 groups of the latter seen near Inde, single animals were seen only twice - an adult male and a pregnant female with a snare on its leg....   details Klingel, H.; Klingel, U. 1966 The rhinoceroses of Ngorongoro Crater. Oryx 8 (5): 302-306, figs. 1-5, map 1 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Eastern Africa - Tanzania Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino Most of the rhinos were solitary and in roughly the same area. The maximum number seen together and identified was five: three adult cows, a calf and one adult bull on one occasion, two adult cows, a calf and two adult bulls on another. Both groups broke up after a few days. Groups of four rhi...   details Bere, R.M. 1966 Wild animals in an African national park. London, Andre Deutsch, pp. 1-96 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino When a female white rhino is accompanied by a calf, she always walks behind it, prodding and steering it with her horn.   details Smithers, R.H.N. 1966 The mammals of Rhodesia, Zambia and Malawi. London, Collins Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino Usually solitary, in pairs or a female with a calf.   details Smithers, R.H.N. 1966 The mammals of Rhodesia, Zambia and Malawi. London, Collins Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino Grunts, snorts and squeals loudly.   details Dales, D.H. 1966 Black and white rhinos in the Umfolosi Game Reserve. Redwing, Journal of the S. Andrew's College Natural History Society 1966: 32 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino The white rhino bull is very territorial in his habitat. He claims an area of bush for himself and then makes heaps of dung, known as middens, to mark the boundary.   details Bere, R.M. 1966 Wild animals in an African national park. London, Andre Deutsch, pp. 1-96 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino The white rhino is much more sociable, so that small family groups of five or six animals are not at all uncommon.   details Bere, R.M. 1966 Wild animals in an African national park. London, Andre Deutsch, pp. 1-96 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino The rhino calf was released immediately afterwards. First it circled the lorry rather suspiciously. Then it called to its mother in a husky voice, rather like the greeting whinny of a horse. The cow heard the call and replied.   details Bere, R.M. 1966 Wild animals in an African national park. London, Andre Deutsch, pp. 1-96 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino A black rhino calf almost invariably follows its mother. A possible reason for this strange difference is that the white rhino inhabits more open country than the black; the calf is, therefore, more liable to be attacked by lions. As this attack comes from behind, the mother rhino can best prot...   details Smithers, R.H.N. 1966 The mammals of Rhodesia, Zambia and Malawi. London, Collins Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino Solitary or in pairs or small family parties.   details Spillett, J.J. 1966 The Kaziranga Wild Life Sanctuary, Assam. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 63 (3): 494-528 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South Asia - India - Assam Behaviour - Social Behaviour Indian Rhino Almost invariably when a female was accompanied by a calf, other females with calves could be located nearby. On March 14, we observed 5 females within a radius of 200 yards, all accompanied by a young. On other occasions, up to 20 adult rhino would be tallied at a stretch, then within a relati...   details Bere, R.M. 1966 Wild animals in an African national park. London, Andre Deutsch, pp. 1-96 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino Although black rhinos are sometimes seen in small parties, (and calves naturally stay with their mothers), they are usually solitary in habit.   details Bere, R.M. 1966 Wild animals in an African national park. London, Andre Deutsch, pp. 1-96 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino A black rhino calf almost invariably follows its mother. A possible reason for this strange difference is that the white rhino inhabits more open country than the black; the calf is, therefore, more liable to be attacked by lions. As this attack comes from behind, the mother rhino can best prot...   details Smithers, R.H.N. 1966 The mammals of Rhodesia, Zambia and Malawi. London, Collins Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino When on the move the head is carried low, the front horn nearly scraping on the ground, the young preceding the mother who follows closely behind, as opposed to the Black Rhino whose young follows the mother.   details Gaerdes, F. 1964 Tierleben in Sudwest Afrika: Leitfaden der Zoologie von Sudwestafrika. Windhoek, SWA Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, pp. 1-270 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Namibia Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino the rhino lives in a restricted area which it only leaves when the watering places dry up.   details Gaerdes, F. 1964 Tierleben in Sudwest Afrika: Leitfaden der Zoologie von Sudwestafrika. Windhoek, SWA Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, pp. 1-270 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Namibia Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino When the rhino senses something unusual, you can hear a loud sneezing.   details Rapsch, H. 1964 Bruellen Spitzmaulnashorner?. Mitteilungen der Sud-West Afrika Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft 5 (9): 5-6 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino When the animal was about 100 m away from us, it stood still and made a loud howling noise through the valley, turned around backwards and walked on. A short time later this was repeated. The reason probably was the presence of another rhino. The observer got the impression that this howling w...   details Bruton, R. 1963 The rhinos of South-East Asia. Conservation News 1963 August: 5-10, figs. 1-6, maps 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Javan Rhino Both species are very timid and solitary creatures, being found together only when mating and in cases of a mother and calf. (A case javan rhinos traveling in a small group has, however, been reported from Vietnam.)   details Schomber, H.W. 1963 Wild life in the Sudan, part III White and black rhinoceros and giant eland. African Wildlife 17 (1): 29-35, figs. 1-4 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino In so far as habits and habitats are concerned they do not differ from their South African cousins. They live in savannah bush, where they are encountered singly, in pairs or in small troops of five or six head.   details Bruton, R. 1963 The rhinos of South-East Asia. Conservation News 1963 August: 5-10, figs. 1-6, maps 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Sumatran Rhino Rhinos usually travel alone except in cases of a mating couple or a cow and calf. The calf is slow in maturing and travels with its mother for many years, even longer than may obviously seem necessary. Both species are very timid and solitary creatures, being found together only when mating and...   details Feely, J.M. 1962 Air count, August 1960. Lammergeyer 2 (2): 48-49 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - South Africa Behaviour - Social Behaviour White Rhino About 45 % of all parties seen are of 2 animals, about 15 % are 2 animals (mainly males) and 9 % are groups of 3, 9 % of 4, 9 % of 5, 9 % of 6 and 4 % of 7 to 12. These ratios have not changed much, or at all in the last five years.   details Schlawe, L. 1961 Ein weibliches Sumatranashorn in Kopenhagen (Didermocerus sumatraensis). Freunde des Kolner Zoo 4 (4): 94-95, figs. 1-7 Location: Subject: Species: Captive - Europe Behaviour - Social Behaviour Sumatran Rhino As most rhinos in captivity, Subur comes to the bars around the enclosure and made whistling noises.   details Skafte, H. 1961 A contribution to the preservation of the Sumatran rhinoceros. Acta Tropica 18: 168-176, figs. 1-6 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South East Asia - Indonesia - Sumatra Behaviour - Social Behaviour Sumatran Rhino It is an unsociable animal. Two adults are never seen together except for the rare moments of mating or when a cow is accompanied by a calf. Most of the time it is a lone wanderer.   details Ansell, W.F.H. 1960 Mammals of Northern Rhodesia: a revised checklist with keys, notes on distribution, range maps, and summaries of breeding and ecological data. Lusaka, Government Printer, pp. i-xxxi, 1-155, 1-24 Location: Subject: Species: Africa - Southern Africa - Zambia Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino Solitary, sometimes pairs or two males together.   details Lang, E.M. 1959 Ein Sumatra-Nashorn im Basler Zoo. Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 7 (4): 177, fig. 1 Location: Subject: Species: Captive - Europe Behaviour - Social Behaviour Sumatran Rhino The animal now and then uttered a fine high whistling (feines, hohes Fiepen)   details Ali, S.A.; Santapau, H. 1958 Birth of a Great Indian rhinoceros in captivity. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 55 (1): 157-158, 1 plate (2 figures) Location: Subject: Species: Captive - Europe Behaviour - Social Behaviour Indian Rhino Basel Zoo, 1957. Photo of calf, two weeks old, following its mother in the paddock.   details Nostrand, R. van 1958 Romping rhinos. Zoonooz (San Diego) 31 (5) May: 13, figs. 1-4 Location: Subject: Species: Captive - North America Behaviour - Social Behaviour Black Rhino Two young rhino were playfully battering themselves head-on. It was a case of an irresistible force meeting an equally irresistible force, amid flying soupy mud.   details Tun Yin, U 1954 A supplementary note on the status of rhinoceros and thamin (Panolia eldi thamin) in the Union of Burma, 1953. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 52 (2/3): 301-303 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South East Asia - Myanmar (Burma) Behaviour - Social Behaviour Sumatran Rhino There is a local belief that the best time to come across rhino is during the full moon of Waso (July) when they usually congregate together.   details Gee, E.P. 1953 Further observations on the Great Indian one-horned rhinoceros (R. unicornis Linn.). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 51 (4): 765-772, pls. 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: World Behaviour - Social Behaviour Indian Rhino I myself was present at the capture in 1949 of a young female rhino, caught in a pit for the Cairo Zoo. It uttered deafening cries, to be answered by its mother in the distance. During the last cold weather in Kaziranga some interesting obser- vations go to show that a whistling noise is made b...   details Gee, E.P. 1953 Further observations on the Great Indian one-horned rhinoceros (R. unicornis Linn.). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 51 (4): 765-772, pls. 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South Asia - India - Assam Behaviour - Social Behaviour Indian Rhino From personal observations made in Kaziranga since 1939 I have found that, although the rhino is not actually a gregarious animal, there are certain conditions other than sexual which bring them frequently together. At the time when the areas of burnt-off grass produce tender green shoots in the...   details Gee, E.P. 1953 Further observations on the Great Indian one-horned rhinoceros (R. unicornis Linn.). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 51 (4): 765-772, pls. 1-2 Location: Subject: Species: Asia - South Asia - India - Assam Behaviour - Social Behaviour Indian Rhino No details available yet   details back to search page Sort order: ------------------- Date ASC Author normal    (2) 1 2